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Exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of lung cancer and breast cancer in the Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort |
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| Authors: | Li Bai Saeha Shin Richard T. Burnett Jeffrey C. Kwong Perry Hystad Aaron van Donkelaar Mark S. Goldberg Eric Lavigne Scott Weichenthal Randall V. Martin Ray Copes Alexander Kopp Hong Chen |
| Affiliation: | 1. ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada;2. Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada;3. Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada;4. ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;5. College of Public Health and Human Studies, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR;6. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada;7. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada;8. Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada;9. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;10. Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA;11. Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada;12. ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada |
| Abstract: | Lung and female breast cancers are highly prevalent worldwide. Although the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and lung cancer has been recognized, there is less evidence for associations with other common air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Even less is known about potential associations between these pollutants and breast cancer. We conducted a population-based cohort study to investigate the associations of chronic exposure to PM2.5, NO2, O3 and redox-weighted average of NO2 and O3 (Ox) with incident lung and breast cancer, using the Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort (ONPHEC), which includes all long-term residents aged 35–85 years who lived in Ontario, Canada, 2001–2015. Incident lung and breast cancers were ascertained using the Ontario Cancer Registry. Annual estimates of exposures were assigned to the residential postal codes of subjects for each year during follow-up. We used Cox proportional-hazards models adjusting for personal- and neighborhood-level covariates. Our cohorts for lung and breast cancer analyses included ~4.9 million individuals and ~2.5 million women, respectively. During follow-up, 100,146 incident cases of lung cancer and 91,146 incident cases of breast cancer were diagnosed. The fully adjusted analyses showed positive associations of lung cancer incidence with PM2.5 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02 [95% CI: 1.01–1.05] per 5.3 μg/m3) and NO2 (HR = 1.05 [95% CI: 1.03–1.07] per 14 ppb). No associations with lung cancer were observed for O3 or Ox. Relationships between PM2.5 and NO2 with lung cancer exhibited a sublinear shape. We did not find compelling evidence linking air pollution to breast cancer. |
| Keywords: | incidence lung cancer breast cancer ambient air pollution |