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Organ printing: Tissue spheroids as building blocks
Authors:Vladimir Mironov  Richard P Visconti  Vladimir Kasyanov  Gabor Forgacs  Christopher J Drake  Roger R Markwald
Institution:1. Bioprinting Research Center, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;2. Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia;3. Department of Physics, Biology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;1. Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany;2. Collaborative Research Partner Large Bone Defect Healing Program of AO Foundation, Switzerland;3. AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland;1. Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;2. The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;3. Biomedical Engineering Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;4. Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;1. Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;2. Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue – BSB 601, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;3. Institute of Biological Interfaces of Engineering, 401-2 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;1. Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, 161 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;3. Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 601, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;4. Institute of Biological Interfaces of Engineering, 401-2 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;1. MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;2. Department of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA;3. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA;4. Research Center ‘E. Piaggio’ and Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy;5. School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK;6. Department of Physics, Biology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA;7. Modern Meadow Inc., Brooklyn, NY, USA;8. Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;9. School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia;10. Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;11. Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;12. 3D Bioprinting Solutions, Moscow, Russian Federation;13. Sechenov Medical University, Moscow, Russia;14. Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan;15. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK;16. Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;17. Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand;18. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;19. Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA;1. Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA;2. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA;3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People''s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China;4. Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA;5. Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai, 200032, PR China;6. Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea;7. Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21569, Saudi Arabia
Abstract:Organ printing can be defined as layer-by-layer additive robotic biofabrication of three-dimensional functional living macrotissues and organ constructs using tissue spheroids as building blocks. The microtissues and tissue spheroids are living materials with certain measurable, evolving and potentially controllable composition, material and biological properties. Closely placed tissue spheroids undergo tissue fusion — a process that represents a fundamental biological and biophysical principle of developmental biology-inspired directed tissue self-assembly. It is possible to engineer small segments of an intraorgan branched vascular tree by using solid and lumenized vascular tissue spheroids. Organ printing could dramatically enhance and transform the field of tissue engineering by enabling large-scale industrial robotic biofabrication of living human organ constructs with “built-in” perfusable intraorgan branched vascular tree. Thus, organ printing is a new emerging enabling technology paradigm which represents a developmental biology-inspired alternative to classic biodegradable solid scaffold-based approaches in tissue engineering.
Keywords:
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