The mechanical properties of individual,electrospun fibrinogen fibers |
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| Authors: | Christine R. Carlisle Corentin Coulais Manoj Namboothiry David L. Carroll Roy R. Hantgan Martin Guthold |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, 7507 Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA;2. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France;3. Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;1. Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran;2. Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, E3-05-14, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore;3. Behrad Consulting Engineers, Isfahan 81367-13833, Iran;4. Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81744-176, Iran;5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore;1. Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States;2. Department of Computer Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States;1. Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan;2. Faculty of Industrial Education, Sohag University, Egypt;3. Laboratory for Integrated Technological Systems, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan;1. Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy;2. DIBRIS, University of Genoa, via Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genoa, Italy;3. Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;4. IRCCS AOU San Martino–IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy |
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| Abstract: | We used a combined atomic force microscopic (AFM)/fluorescence microscopic technique to study the mechanical properties of individual, electrospun fibrinogen fibers in aqueous buffer. Fibers (average diameter 208 nm) were suspended over 12 μm-wide grooves in a striated, transparent substrate. The AFM, situated above the sample, was used to laterally stretch the fibers and to measure the applied force. The fluorescence microscope, situated below the sample, was used to visualize the stretching process. The fibers could be stretched to 2.3 times their original length before breaking; the breaking stress was 22 × 106 Pa. We collected incremental stress–strain curves to determine the viscoelastic behavior of these fibers. The total stretch modulus was 17.5 × 106 Pa and the relaxed elastic modulus was 7.2 × 106 Pa. When held at constant strain, electrospun fibrinogen fibers showed a fast and slow stress relaxation time of 3 and 55 s.Our fibers were spun from the typically used 90% 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (90-HFP) electrospinning solution and re-suspended in aqueous buffer. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that α-helical content of fibrinogen is ～70% higher in 90-HFP than in aqueous solution.These data are needed to understand the mechanical behavior of electrospun fibrinogen structures. Our technique is also applicable to study other nanoscopic fibers. |
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