Brain activity during walking: A systematic review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Sheryl & Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children''s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building — Wing 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;2. The Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;3. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA;4. Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, 152-160, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland;5. Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland;6. The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;1. Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA;2. Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA;3. Drexel University School of Biomedical Engineering, Philadelphia, PA, USA;4. Department of Epidemiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA;5. Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA;1. The Sheryl & Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children''s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building — Wing 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA;2. The Sheryl & Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children''s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center (CERC), Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Van Etten Building — Wing 1C, 1225 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA;3. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, Department of Psychology, 138th Street & Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031, USA;4. Program in Cognitive Neuroscience, City College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 138th Street & Convent Ave., New York, NY 10031, USA |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThis systematic review provides an overview of the literature deducing information about brain activation during (1) imagined walking using MRI/fMRI or (2) during real walking using measurement systems as fNIRS, EEG and PET.MethodsThree independent reviewers undertook an electronic database research browsing six databases. The search request consisted of three search fields. The first field comprised common methods to evaluate brain activity. The second search field comprised synonyms for brain responses to movements. The third search field comprised synonyms for walking.Results48 of an initial yield of 1832 papers were reviewed. We found differences in cortical activity regarding young vs. old individuals, physically fit vs. physically unfit cohorts, healthy people vs. patients with neurological diseases, and between simple and complex walking tasks.ConclusionsWe summarize that the dimension of brain activity in different brain areas during walking is highly sensitive to task complexity, age and pathologies supporting previous assumptions underpinning the significance of cortical control. Many compensation mechanisms reflect the brain's plasticity which ensures stable walking. |
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| Keywords: | Gait MRI fMRI Cortical activation fNIRS Cognition EEG PET |
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