浅议如何通过咳痰诊断呼吸系统疾病

  目的  了解淮河流域农村女性居民呼吸系统症状的发生情况及其影响因素，为中国慢性呼吸系统疾病的预防控制提供科学依据。  方法  收集2015年11月 — 2018年10月淮河流域典型县区农村居民暴露参数与环境风险因子调查数据库中在当地居住 ≥ 3年的1394名20～75岁非吸烟女性居民相关数据进行呼吸系统症状发生情况分析，并采用分类树模型分析其呼吸系统症状发生的影响因素。  结果  淮河流域1394名农村女性居民中，报告有咳嗽/咳痰症状者253例，咳嗽/咳痰症状报告率为18.1 %；报告有喘息/气短症状者379例，喘息/气短症状报告率为27.2 %；报告有呼吸系统症状者484例，呼吸系统症状报告率为34.7 %。分类树模型分析结果显示，使用气体燃料做饭者的咳嗽/咳痰症状报告率（14.1 %）低于未使用气体燃料做饭者的咳嗽/咳痰症状报告率（23.2 %），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 19.061，P < 0.001）；年龄 ≥ 50岁者的喘息/气短症状报告率（30.9 %）高于年龄非 ≥ 50岁者的喘息/气短症状报告率（19.7 %），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 19.588，P < 0.001）；文化程度初中及以上者的呼吸系统症状报告率（27.6 %）低于文化程度非初中及以上者的呼吸系统症状报告率（39.2 %），差异有统计学意义（χ² = 19.416，P < 0.001）。  结论  淮河流域农村女性居民呼吸系统症状报告率较高，其中咳嗽/咳痰症状主要与是否使用气体燃料做饭有关，喘息/气短症状主要与年龄有关。

Indoor risk factors for cough and their relation to wheeze and sensitization in Chilean young adults

  Objective  To examine the prevalences of respiratory symptoms and their impact factors among rural female residents in Huaihe River Basin for providing evidences to prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases in the women.   Methods  The data on 1 394 adult (20 – 75 years) female non-smokers living 3 years and longer in local rural areas were extracted from a sampling survey on respiratory symptom-related exposures and environmental factors conducted in 6 counties/districts of 4 provinces in Huaihe River Basin between November 2015 and October 2018. The prevalences of self-reported respiratory symptoms were examined statistically and impact factors of the symptoms were explored with Answer Tree analysis.   Results  Respiratory symptoms were reported by 34.7% (484) of the all women and the self-reported prevalences of cough/expectoration and wheezing/shortening were 18.1% (253) and 27.2% (379), respectively. The results of Answer Tree analysis showed that the self-reported prevalence of cough/expectoration was significantly lower (14.1%) among the women using gas as the fuel when cooking at home than that (23.2%) among those using other fuels (χ² = 19.061, P < 0.001); the self-reported prevalence of wheezing/shortness of breath was significantly higher in the elder women (≥ 50 years) than that in the women less than 50 years (23.2% vs. 30.9%, χ² = 19.588; P < 0.001); and in the women with the education of 9 years and above, the overall prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms was significantly lower than that in the women with the education less than 9 years (27.6% vs. 39.2%, χ² = 19.416; P < 0.001).   Conclusion  The prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms is relatively higher among non-smoking rural women in Huaihe River Basin and the self-reported prevalence of cough/expectoration is associated with cooking fuel and that of wheezing/shortness of breath is correlated with age among the women.