Angiotensin type 1 receptor mediates chronic ethanol consumption-induced hypertension and vascular oxidative stress

ObjectivesWe hypothesized that chronic ethanol intake enhances vascular oxidative stress and induces hypertension through renin–angiotensin system (RAS) activation.Methods and resultsMale Wistar rats were treated with ethanol (20% v/v). The increase in blood pressure induced by ethanol was prevented by losartan (10 mg/kg/day; p.o. gavage), a selective AT₁ receptor antagonist. Chronic ethanol intake increased plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, plasma angiotensin I (ANG I) and angiotensin II (ANG II) levels and serum aldosterone levels. No differences on plasma osmolality and sodium or potassium levels were detected after treatment with ethanol. Ethanol consumption did not alter ACE activity, as well as the levels of ANG I and ANG II in the rat aorta or mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). Ethanol induced systemic and vascular oxidative stress (aorta and MAB) and these effects were prevented by losartan. The decrease on plasma and vascular nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels induced by ethanol was prevented by losartan. Ethanol intake did not alter protein expression of ACE, AT₁ or AT₂ receptors in both aorta and MAB. Aortas from ethanol-treated rats displayed decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased protein expression of SAPK/JNK. These responses were prevented by losartan. MAB from ethanol-treated rats displayed reduced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and ERK1/2 and losartan did not prevent these responses.ConclusionsOur study provides novel evidence that chronic ethanol intake increases blood pressure, induces vascular oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through AT₁-dependent mechanisms.