Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: Update on diagnosis and therapy |
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Authors: | Kai Kou Yu-Guo Chen Jian-Peng Zhou Xiao-Dong Sun Da-Wei Sun Shu-Xuan Li Guo-Yue Lv |
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Institution: | Kai Kou, Yu-Guo Chen, Jian-Peng Zhou, Xiao-Dong Sun, Da-Wei Sun, Shu-Xuan Li, Guo-Yue Lv, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China |
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Abstract: | With an estimated incidence of only 1-2 cases in every 1 million people, hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is a rare vascular endothelial cell tumor occurring in the liver and consisting of epithelioid and histiocyte-like vascular endothelial cells in mucus or a fibrotic matrix. HEHE is characterized as a low-to-moderate grade malignant tumor and is classified into three types: solitary, multiple, and diffuse. Both the etiology and characteristic clinical manifestations of HEHE are unclear. However, HEHE has a characteristic appearance on imaging including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography/computerized tomography. Still, its diagnosis depends mainly on pathological findings, with immunohistochemical detection of endothelial markers cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), CD34, CD10, vimentin, and factor VIII antigen as the basis of diagnosis. Hepatectomy and/or liver transplantation are the first choice for treatment, but various chemotherapeutic drugs are reportedly effective, providing a promising treatment option. In this review, we summarize the literature related to the diagnosis and treatment of HEHE, which provides future perspectives for the clinical management of HEHE. |
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Keywords: | Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma Diagnosis Differential diagnosis Therapy Prognosis Imaging |
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