An epidemiological evaluation of COVID-19 in La paz,Bolivia |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Foreign Studies, Department of Spanish & Latin American Studies, Nanzan University, Aichi, Japan;2. Division of Infection Control Sciences, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan;3. School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan;4. Sección Política, Embajada del Japón en Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia;5. Servicio de Endoscopia Digestiva H.A.I.G. Obrero No.1, C.N.S, La Paz, Bolivia;6. Department of Neurology, Hokuto Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan;7. Dirección General de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud y Deportes, La Paz, Bolivia;8. Dirección General de Planificación, Ministerio de Salud y Deportes, La Paz, Bolivia;9. Sección Salud, Embajada del Japón en Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionThe Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia) has experienced four major waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) so far. Although the ministry of health has been tracking morbidity and mortality through each wave, epidemiology of COVID-19 in Bolivia is not well defined, despite a need for more accurate measurement of the number of cases and deaths to allow for forecasting of the pandemic. This study examined prevalence of COVID-19 at community level, determinants of its occurrence and vaccine effectiveness.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in La Paz city on 2,775 individuals between March 2020 and February 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 morbidity, mortality and vaccination status.ResultsOf the 2,775 participants, 1,586 (57.1%) were infected with COVID-19, and 187 (6.7%) were suspected cases. The mortality rate was 2.9%. Sinopharm, Johnson & Johnson, Gamaleya, Pfizer-BioNtech, Moderna and AstraZeneka vaccines are in use, and all vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the risk of onset. Risk for mortality was significantly lower in the vaccinated group with an odds ratio of 0.037 (95％ confidential interval: 0.01–0.10, p-value: <0.001).ConclusionsActual prevalence of COVID-19 in La Paz (the prevalence rate: 63.8%, including suspected case) was higher than that reported by the Ministry of Health and Sports in Bolivia (7.5%). In addition, vaccination has contributed significantly to the control of the COVID-19 epidemic in Bolivia. We believe that our report will be useful for COVID-19 prevention strategies in Bolivia for the future. |
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| Keywords: | COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology La paz Bolivia COVID-19" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 BMI" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Body mass index Bolivia" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Plurinational state of Bolivia MoH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Ministry of health and sports in Bolivia |
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