关于洪武抄本《金匮要略方》中破读字的讨论

古汉语中存在着一字多音的现象,当一字有两读或三读时,容易读错。质量较好的古籍会对最通常读音以外的读音加以注明,这叫破读或读破。破读的字,大多数是声调的差异。在文献传播实践过程中,人们创造性地使用了一种破读号,即用一个圆圈或圆点,附在字的四角上。平声在左下角加圈点,上声在左上角加圈点,去声在右上角加圈点,入声在右下角加圈点。加圈或加点于破读字特定部位的标识方法,可以分别称为破读字的圈发之法或点发之法。为古籍文本加破读号的现象,虽然存在年代较为悠久,但因其标志并不十分明显,容易使人们所忽略或误解,以至于产生对破读号本身的不理解,进而发生对原文理解的歧义。明·洪武二十八年(1395年)吴迁抄出的《金匮要略方》是小字本《金匮要略》的唯一存世传本,其文献价值非常重大。文章对该抄本中存在的破读字的圈发之法略作讨论。

Discussion on Heteronymic Characters in Jingui Yaolue Fang,the Transcript in 1395

The polyphonic characters are existed in ancient Chinese,one Chinese character with several pronunciations.In the high quality ancient literatures,this kind of Chinese character was marked specifically besides its common pronunciation,named as heteronymic character.The heteronymic character is different in the tones specially.In the literature communication,people create a kind of mark,such as circle or dot attached to one of the four corners of Chinese characters.For example,a circle/dot attached to the lower left corner of a character represents level tone（the first tone）,one to the upper left corner represents rising tone （the second tone）,one to the upper right corner represents falling-rising tone（the third tone） and one to the lower right corner represents the falling tone （the fourth tone）.This method is named as circling method or doting method of heteronymic character.Even though with a quite long history in ancient literature text,the explanation of it had not been clarified yet.Due to the ignoring and misunderstanding on heteronymic mark,the original meaning to the ancient literature was ambiguous.Jingui Yaolue Fang,copied by Wu Qian in 1395 is the only extent edition of the small characters of Jingui Yaoluo and is extraordinarily valuable.The circling method to heteronymic character was discussed on this transcript in the paper.