Rapid cooling contracture of the myocardium. The adverse effect of prearrest cardiac hypothermia

Hypothermic total circulatory arrest for repair of congenital heart lesions in neonates requires a period of rapid core cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass during which the myocardium is also exposed to hypothermic perfusion. Myocardial hypothermia in the nonarrested state results in an increase in contractility due to elevation of intracellular calcium levels. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that rapid myocardial cooling before cardioplegic ischemic arrest results in damage, with impaired recovery during reperfusion. Two groups of 10 rabbit hearts were perfused on an isolated Langendorff apparatus. Group N (normothermia) was perfused at 37 degrees C before 2 hours of cardioplegic ischemic arrest at 10 degrees C. Group C (cooling) was perfused at 15 degrees C in the unarrested state for 20 minutes before the same cardioplegic arrest conditions as group N. Left ventricular isovolumic pressure measurements, biochemical measurements from right ventricular biopsy specimens, and ventricular necrosis as defined by tetrazolium staining were used to compare the groups at 30 and 60 minutes of normothermic reperfusion. Developed pressure at a constant volume was preserved in group N at 90.7 +/- 4.5 mm Hg versus 76.9 +/- 6.3 in group C after reperfusion (p less than 0.05). Diastolic compliance showed significant deterioration in group C, with marked elevation of diastolic pressure during reperfusion (group N = 6.8 +/- 2.5 mm Hg versus group C = 38.9 +/- 6.1 after reperfusion; p less than 0.001). Adenosine triphosphate levels were significantly higher in group N both at end-ischemia and after reperfusion versus group C (group N = 17.0 +/- 1.1 nmol/mg protein versus group C = 7.7 +/- 1.0 after reperfusion; p less than 0.001). Group N had 0.4% +/- 0.4% necrosis of ventricular mass versus 19.3% +/- 2.2% with prearrest cooling in group C (p less than 0.0001). These results indicate that, when combined with cardioplegic ischemic arrest, rapid myocardial cooling in the unarrested state results in significant damage. The mechanism may be related to the cytosolic calcium loading effect of hypothermia that is not relieved during the subsequent period of cardioplegic arrest. Although hypothermia is an essential component to ischemic preservation, rapid cooling contracture can adversely influence cardioplegic myocardial protection.