Prevalence of Tics in Schoolchildren in Central Spain: A Population-Based Study |
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Authors: | Esther Cubo José María Trejo Gabriel y Galán Vanesa Ausín Villaverde Sara Sáez Velasco Vanesa Delgado Benito Jesús Vicente Macarrón José Cordero Guevara Elan D Louis Julián Benito-León |
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Institution: | a Department of Neurology, Hospital General Yagüe, Burgos, Spain b G.H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York c Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York d Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York e Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York f Department of Neurology, University Hospital “12 de Octubre,” Madrid, Spain g Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain h Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain |
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Abstract: | Tic disorders constitute a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. This study sought to determine the prevalence of tic disorders in a school-based sample. A randomized sample of 1158 schoolchildren, based on clusters (classrooms) in the province of Burgos (Spain), was identified on a stratified sampling frame combining types of educational center and setting (mainstream schools and special education), using a two-phase approach (screening and diagnosis ascertainment by a neurologist). Tics with/without impairment criterion were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. In mainstream schools, tics were observed in 125/741 students (16.86%; 95% confidence interval, 14.10-19.63), and were more frequent in boys (87/448, 19.42%; 95% confidence interval, 15.64-23.19) compared with girls (38/293, 12.96%; 95% confidence interval, 8.95-16.98; P = 0.03). In special education centers, tics disorders were observed in 11/54 of children (20.37%; 95% confidence interval, 8.70-32.03). Overall, tics with impairment criteria were less frequent than tics without impairment criteria (4.65% vs 11.85%, P < 0.0001). The most frequent diagnoses involved chronic motor tics (6.07%) and Tourette syndrome (5.26%). Tic disorders are common in childhood, and the use or nonuse of impairment criteria exerts a significant impact on tic prevalence estimates. |
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