寨卡病毒与寨卡病毒病

寨卡病毒为有包膜的RNA病毒,属于黄病毒科黄病毒属成员,主要通过埃及伊蚊叮咬传播,于1947年首次在乌干达寨卡森林的恒河猴中发现,此后主要在非洲、美洲、亚洲及太平洋地区散发流行.2015年起,寨卡病毒病疫情在中南美洲(主要是巴西)快速扩散,该病主要临床特征为发热、皮疹、关节痛或结膜炎,并与新生儿小头畸形、格林-巴利综合征有关.实验室检测方法包括PCR检测病毒RNA和检测血清中的中和抗体IgM.目前尚无特异性的抗病毒药物和疫苗.主要的预防措施是提高个人防护意识,防止蚊虫的叮咬.本文从流行病学、生物学、致病机制与检测方法等方面综述了寨卡病毒及其所致疾病的最新研究进展,为这种新发病原体的防控提供参考.

Zika virus and Zika virus disease

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae,which can be transmitted to humans by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. The virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys. Hereafter, Zika virus disease has been recorded in Africa, the Americas, Asia and the Pacific. The outbreak of this epidemic began in 2015 in Brazil, and has spread rapidly to other countries. Clinical features of ZIKV infection range from asymptomatic cases to an influenza-like syndrome associated with fever, cutaneous rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. Current observational studies suggest that ZIKV may cause more severe neurological sequelae such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and birth defects, mainly microcephaly. The diagnosis is confirmed by viral RNA detection by genomic amplification (real-time PCR) and serological detection of IgM. Up to now, there is neither a vaccine nor prophylactic medications available to prevent and treat ZIKV infection. The effective prevention is protection against mosquito bites and to improve self-protection awareness. In this paper we summarized the epidemiology, biology, pathogenesis and detection of Zika virus, hoping to benefit the control of ongoing outbreaks as well as the development of vaccines and therapeutics.