The extent of and factors associated with self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among people who inject drugs (PWID) in England,Wales and Northern Ireland |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, London, UK;2. Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway;3. Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, London, UK;4. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK;1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK;2. Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK;3. Office for National Statistics, UK;4. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, UK;5. Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK;6. Centre for Self-harm and Suicide Prevention Research, Derbyshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, UK;7. School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK;8. Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundOverdose is a major cause of death among PWID, and for opioid overdoses naloxone administration can reduce harm. However, globally there is limited national level data on the extent of non-fatal overdose and naloxone uptake. The first national level data on the extent of self-reported overdose and self-reported receipt of naloxone among UK PWID, providing a baseline to monitor the impact of the recent policy change regarding naloxone availability, is presented.MethodsData on self-reported overdose and receipt of naloxone during the preceding year for 2013–2014 from a national survey of PWID was analysed. Participants who reported injecting during the preceding year were included.ResultsParticipants (3850) were predominantly male (75%); mean age was 36 years. The most commonly injected drugs were: heroin (91%), crack (45%) and amphetamine (29%). 15% (591) reported overdosing during the preceding year. There were no differences in the proportion reporting overdose by age or gender, but overdose was more common among those who: injected multiple drugs; recently ceased addiction treatment; injected with used needles/syringes; ever had transactional sex; had used a sexual health clinic or emergency department and lived in Wales or Northern Ireland. Among those reporting an overdose during the preceding year, a third reported two to four overdoses and 7.5% five or more overdoses; half reported receiving naloxone. Those reporting naloxone receipt in the preceding year were more likely to: live in Wales or Northern Ireland; ever received used needles/syringes; ever been imprisoned; and less likely to have injected two drug types.ConclusionThese data provide a baseline for monitoring the impact of the 2015 UK policy change to improve take-home naloxone access. Interventions tackling overdose should promote naloxone awareness and access, and target those who; are poly-drug injectors, have ceased treatment, share needles/syringes and whose drug use links to sexual activity. |
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| Keywords: | Overdose Naloxone People who inject drugs Harm reduction Heroin United Kingdom |
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