世界船舶传染性疾病爆发的流行病学分析

目的了解世界航行船舶发生传染性疾病流行的状况与特征;探寻航海传染病流行的规律和特点。方法收集世界卫生组织公布的1994～2004年符合定义的132起世界船舶传染病爆发的疫情资料,进行流行病学统计与分析。结果世界船舶传染病爆发疫情呈波动升高趋势,新发传染病增加迅速。疫情中明确病原体的87起,其中病毒性传染病占81.61%,细菌性传染病占16.09%、其他传染病占2.30%;不明原因和未获得样本的共45起,占34.09%,且多在近年出现。诺沃克病毒、肠道毒素型大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌在船舶传染病疫情中占主要位置。1～4月为疫情发生的高峰期,其他月份发病较为平均。各传染病的海上流行规律较陆地有较大不同。结论海上航行船舶传染性疾病爆发流行具有其特殊的特征和规律。食物和水源是船舶传染病传播流行的主要途径。

Epidemiological analysis of outbreaks of infectious diseases on cruise ships of the world

Objective To observe the epidemiological status and characteristics of infectious diseases on cruise ships all over the world, and to study regulation of diseases on cruise ships. Methods 132 cases according to the definition reported by World Health Organization (WHO) from 1994 to 2004 were selected. Results The tendency of outbreaks on cruise ships was upswing fluctuational with new infectious epidemic diseases (IEDs) increased. Pathogen were detected in 87 cases, and unknown and pending specinens were obtained in 45 cases. The rates of viral cases, germ cases and others among the 87 cases were 81.61%, 16.09%, 2.30%, respectively. Norovirus, Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), Salmenella and Shigella were main pathogen. The peak time of outbreaks on cruise ships appeared from January to April, while cases appeared normally in other months. The epidemiological regulation and characteristics of infectious diseases on ships were different from those on land. Conclusions There were idiosyncratic regulation and characteristics of infectious diseases on cruise ships. Food and water supply were the main routes of transmission.