高位腰椎间盘突出症的解剖学特点及术式选择

目的 :探讨不同节段高位腰椎间盘突出症的解剖学特点及手术方式的选择,评价其疗效。方法 :自2009年1月至2013年1月,收治26例单间隙高位腰椎间盘突出症患者,其中男16例,女10例;年龄28~51岁,平均45.7岁;L_(1,2)4例,L_(2,3)9例,L_(3,4)13例。术中对下关节突外缘至棘突根部距离,峡部外缘至棘突根部的距离,椎板下缘至椎间隙上缘距离,神经根起点至上一椎间盘下缘的垂直距离及神经根起点至相应椎弓根内下缘的距离进行测量。对于L_(1,2)、L_(2,3)椎间盘突出症及L_(3,4)椎间盘突出症合并腰椎不稳患者(5例)实施改良经椎间孔椎间盘切除椎间植骨椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗;L_(3,4)椎间盘突出症患者(8例)实施后路开窗减压术治疗。采用日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)(29分)评分法评估手术疗效,计算改善率,测量术前、术后1年随访时椎间隙相对高度(R),观察植骨融合情况。结果:所有患者在术中进行解剖学测量。术后均获得1年以上的随访,平均16个月,切口均愈合,JOA评分由术前10.13±1.49提高到25.21±2.13,改善率为79.9%。实施融合术患者无内固定失败,1例可能不融合,17例骨性融合,术前R为(0.231±0.056)mm,随访时(0.345±0.076)mm,较术前椎间隙相对高度增高(P0.05);实施后路开窗减压术治疗患者,术前R为(0.243±0.036)mm,随访时(0.212±0.046)mm,术前及随访时椎间隙相对高度差异无统计学意义(P0.05),未发生节段性腰椎不稳及椎间盘突出复发。结论:L_(1,2)、L_(2,3)椎间盘突出症由于解剖学特点,适合行改良经椎间孔椎间盘切除椎间植骨椎弓根螺钉内固定术治疗;L_(3,4)椎间盘突出症其解剖学及临床特点接近于下腰椎间盘突出的特点,应根据术前对腰椎稳定性的判断来选择手术方法。

Anatomical characteristics and surgical selections of upper lumbar disc herniation

Objective: To explore the anatomical characteristics and surgical selections of upper lumbar disc herniation, and evaluate its clinical effects. Methods: From January 2009 to January 2013, 26 patients with upper lumbar disc herniation were treated in our department. There were 16 males and 10 females, aged from 28 to 51 years old with an average of 45.7 years, 4 cases were in L_{1, 2}, 9 cases in L_{2, 3}, and 13 cases in L_{3, 4}. The data was collected including distance between outer edge of lower facet and the spinous process, the outer edge of the isthmus and spinous process, the lower edge of lamina and the upper edge of the intervertebral space, nerve root arising points and lower edge of the corresponding pedicle. Transforaminal discectomy and interbody fusion combined with pedicle screw fixation was performed in patients with L_{1, 2}, L_{2, 3} herniated disk and 5 patients with L_{3, 4} herniated disk complicated with lumbar instability. However another 8 patients with L_{3, 4} herniated disk were treated with posterior fenestration decompression. Clinical effects were evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA). The relative height rate(R) of the intervertebral space was measured preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. The fusion of the bone graft was also observed. Results: Intraoperative anatomical measurement was taken in all patients. All patients were followed up for more than 1 year with an average of 16 months, and all incisions got healing, JOA was improved from preoperative(10.13±1.49) points to last follow-up (25.21±2.13) points with the improvement rate of 79.9%. Among the patients underwent fusion operation, 17 cases obtained bone fusion and 1 case maybe non-fusion and no internal fixation failure was found;the R value was (0.231±0.056) mm preoperatively, however (0.345±0.076) mm at 1 year after operation with statistical difference(P < 0.05). In the patient underwent posterior fenestration decompression, the R value was(0.243±0.036) mm preoperatively, and (0.212±0.046) mm at 1 year after operation without statistical difference (P > 0.05). No spinal instability and lumbar disc herniation recurrence were found in these patients. Conclusion: According to the anatomical characteristics of L_{1, 2} and L_{2, 3} herniated disk, these patients could be treated with transforaminal discectomy and interbody fusion. The anatomical characteristics and clinical manifestations of L_{3, 4} herniated disk is similar with the lower lumbar disc herniation, for the patients, an appropriate surgical method should be chosen according to the lumbar stability.