美国飓风风险管理的循证评价及其对我国医疗风险管理的启示--医疗风险系列研究之三

目的剖析美国飓风风险管理的经验和教训,为我周医疗风险监测与管理系统和机制的建立提供参考与借鉴模式。方法计算机检索EI数据库(1969-2005)、OVID数据库(1966-2005)、超星电子图书馆、官方网站如联邦紧急事务管理局、美国国家海洋与大气管理局和疾病预防控制中心等。由两人盲法按既定的纳入和排除标准获取并评价文献质量。结果共纳入分析文献227篇,电子图书1本。其中风险预测文献占73．13％。从1886年起有飓风相关记录;1950年制定了《灾害救济法》,之后形成各类政策;1979年成立了联邦紧急事务管理局,在飓风风险管理中发挥关键作用。美国飓风风险实行分级预警,预测预报主要由国家海洋与大气管理局负责。政府和非政府组织都积极参与应急反应,关注不同人群的生理和心理健康。Katrina飓风风险管理的失误在于决策失误和政治环境因素。结论美国飓风风险监测与管理体系较为成熟,但在风险防范方面仍存在某些不足。其经验和教训对尚处在初期阶段的我国医疗风险监测与管理体系的建立和运作具有一定的参考与借鉴价值。

Evidence-Based Evaluation of Hurricane Risk Management in USA and Its Possibility of Application to Medical Risk Management in China

Objective By reviewing and analyzing the experiences and lessons of American hurricane risk management, this study aims to explore the possible application of constructing the system for medical risk management in China. Methods We searched the EI database (1969 to 2005), OVID database (1966 to 2005), Superstar electronic library and some websites such as Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The retrieved articles were screened independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The included articles were classified and the quality was ranked. Results Total of 227 articles and 1 book met the eligibility criteria. The articles related to risk prediction occupy 73.13%. The American hurricane database can be traced back to 1886. Disaster Relief Act was promulgated in 1950, and there were various types of policies for disaster risk management. The FEMA, set up in 1979, played a key role in disaster risk management. The precaution was announced according to the different levels of hurricane risk, and the forecasts were mainly made by NOAA. The American government and some non-governmental organizations were involved in hurricane emergent responses concerning both physical and mental health of the public. In addition, there were many methods to evaluate and predict hurricane risk. The main lessons from hurricane Katrina risk management lay inunderestimation of the risk and political discrimination. Conclusion There are both distinctive advantages and disadvantages in the present status of American hurricane risk management. As the monitoring and precaution system of medical risk management in China are still in an initial stage, we can learn the experience and lessons from American hurricane risk management to construct and run our system of medical risk management better.