Analysis of ground reaction forces and muscle activity in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction during different running strike patterns |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran;2. Sport Science Department, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran;3. Physical Education and Physiotherapy Faculty, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil;1. Shriners Hospitals For Children, Portland, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States;2. Shriners Hospitals For Children, Northern California, 2425 SW Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States;3. University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Orthopaedics, 1000 Veteran Ave, Rehab Building 22-64, Los Angeles, CA 90025, United States;4. University of California Davis Medical Center, Department of Physical Medicine, 4869 Y Street, Suite 3850, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States;1. Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA;2. Department of Exercise and Sport Studies, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA;1. Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA;2. Sports Medicine Center, Children’s Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA;3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA;1. Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports, Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar;2. Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, London, UK;3. Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, UK;4. School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, UK;5. Qatar University, Physiotherapy Program, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar;6. La Trobe University, Discipline of Podiatry, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, Victoria, Australia;1. Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus UnB Ceilandia, Brasilia, Brazil;2. Spinal Cord Injury Department, Sarah Hospital Rehabilitation Network, Brasilia, Brazil;2. Spinal Cord Injury Department, Sarah Hospital Rehabilitation Network, Brasilia, Brazil;1. Master Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus UnB Ceilandia, Brasilia, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction provides successful clinical outcomes. However, reconstruction cannot restore normative lower limb mechanics during running. While numerous studies have investigated running characteristics in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, no study has been compared foot strike patterns among them.Research questionIf ground reaction forces and lower extremity muscle activities in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and healthy control ones differ during three running strike patterns?MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, fourteen healthy adult males and fourteen adult males with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were recruited to participate. Surface electromyography of selected lower limb muscles and ground reaction forces were measured during three-strike patterns: rearfoot strike pattern, midfoot strike pattern, and forefoot strike pattern during barefoot running (∼ 3.3 m/s).ResultsThe results revealed that the strike patterns influenced the peak lateral ground reaction force (P < 0.001) and peak vertical impact ground reaction force (P = 0.002) during the stance phase of running for both groups. The strike pattern also influenced the tibialis anterior (P < 0.001) and vastus lateralis (P = 0.035) activities during the early stance phase for both groups. However, the vastus medialis (P = 0.030) presented reduced activity, and the biceps femoris (P = 0.039) presented increased activity in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group. Tibialis anterior (P = 0.021), gastrocnemius medialis (P < 0.001) and vastus medialis (P < 0.001) presented lesser activity irrespective of strike patterns in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group.SignificanceRunning with a forefoot strike pattern may be associated with lesser rearfoot eversion due to lower peak lateral ground reaction forces than running with a rearfoot strike pattern or midfoot strike pattern. Moreover, the altered muscle activities could contribute to the elevated risk of future joint injury in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction population. |
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| Keywords: | Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Strike pattern Ground reaction force Muscle activity |
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