Compliance with a law to reduce alcoholic beverage sales and service in Zacatecas,Mexico |
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| Institution: | 1. HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Ave., Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States;2. HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 11720 Beltsville Drive, Suite 900, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States;3. Curtin University School of Public Health, Nedlands, Australia;4. HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 101 Conner Drive, Suite 200, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States;5. HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 851 University Blvd SE #101, Albuquerque, NM 87106, Mexico;1. Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Albany Street, Room 2055, Boston, MA, 02119, United States;2. Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA, 02118, United States;3. Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118, United States;1. Burnet Institute, Behaviours and Health Risks Program, 85 Commercial Road, GPO Box 2284, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia;2. School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia;3. Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred and Monash University, Level 2, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia;4. Doherty Institute and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie St, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia;5. Centre for Social Research in Health, John Goodsell Building, University of New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia;6. Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd and Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia;1. Grup Recerca Addiccions Clínic (GRAC-GRE). Institut d''Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain;2. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands;3. University Institute of Maia - ISMAI and Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Human Rights - JusGov, University of Minho- Avenida Carlos de Oliveira Campos, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal and JusGov - Escola de Direito, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal;4. King''s College London, Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London SE5 8BB, United Kingdom;5. Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Antwerp University (UA), Belgium. European Federation of Addiction Societies (EUFAS), Belgium;6. Psychology Department, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel;7. Addiction and Mental Health Group (AIM), Department of Psychology, University of Bath, United Kingdom;8. Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 7HB, United Kingdom;9. Departament of Sociology, Purdue University, United States;10. Bonger Institute of Criminology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands;11. School of Behavioural & Health Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences, Australia;12. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, Dresden 01187, Germany;13. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Portugal;14. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research & Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada;15. Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research (ZIS) of Hamburg University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany;p. Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Exchange Station Tithebarn Street, Liverpool L2 2QP, United Kingdom;q. Student Governance and Leadership in European Public Health, Maastricht University, the Netherlands;r. Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States;s. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States;t. NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom;u. Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research of Hamburg University (ZIS), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany;v. Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, Leipzig 04103, Germany;w. Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto (UofT), Canada;x. Epidemiological Research Unit, Technische Universität Dresden, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Dresden, Germany;y. Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and HealthManagement, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation;1. The Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA;2. Columbia University School of Social Work, United States;3. Columbia University School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, NY 10027, USA;4. Social Intervention Group, 1255 Amsterdam Avenue, NY 10027, USA;1. The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The Public Health Building, Corner of Wyndham St and Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia;2. The University of Queensland, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Dentistry, Oral Health Centre, 288 Herston Road, Herston QLD 4006, Australia;3. Queensland Positive People, 21 Manilla St, East Brisbane QLD 4169, Australia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundResearch on the effects of restricting bar opening hours and alcohol sales in middle-income countries is very limited. We assessed compliance with and possible effects of a law enacted in Zacatecas, Mexico on December 30, 2017 and implemented in 2018 and 2019 that established a 2 AM bar closing time and 10 PM cut-off for alcohol sales by off-premises stores.MethodsMonthly observations of bars and off-premises stores and alcohol mystery shopping visits from 2018 to early 2020 were conducted to assess compliance with the law. Breath tests were conducted in 2018 and 2019 with samples of pedestrians in the nighttime entertainment districts of Zacatecas and a comparison city (Aguascalientes). Surveys of bar owners/managers and staff, emergency medical personnel (EMP), and police officers were conducted in Zacatecas in 2018 and 2019 to assess awareness and support of the law and possible effects of the law on alcohol-related problems such as violence and injuries.ResultsMonthly observations indicated that a substantial percentage of bars and off-premises package stores did not comply with the law. Pedestrian breath tests in 2018 and 2019 indicated significant reductions in blood alcohol concentration and heavy drinking among pedestrians in Zacatecas from 11 PM to 2 AM compared to Aguascalientes, but not after 2 AM. Surveys of bar owners/managers indicated that most were aware and supportive of the law. EMP surveys indicated reductions in incidents of physical fighting and drunk or injured customers during the annual September fair in Zacatecas.ConclusionsThis study suggests that restricting bar opening hours and alcohol sales may not result in full compliance by bars and off-premises stores, but may help to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms in a middle-income country. A more rigorous evaluation with pre-intervention data is needed, however, to fully address this latter question. |
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