Use of high-resolution thermography as a validation measure to confirm epidural anesthesia in mice: a cross-over study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA;2. Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA;3. Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;4. Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;1. Department for Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Care, The Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;2. Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK;1. Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA;2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA;3. Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA;4. Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA;1. Department of Anaesthesia, Brighton & Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK;2. Department of Anaesthesia, St Helens and Knowsley Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, St Helens, UK;1. Nordsjællands Hospital, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hillerød, Denmark;2. Rigshospitalet, Department of Gynecology, Copenhagen, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundEffective epidural anesthesia is confirmed in humans by sensory assessments but these tests are not feasible in mice. We hypothesized that, in mice, infrared thermography would demonstrate selective segmental warming of lower extremities following epidural anesthesia.MethodsWe anesthetized 10 C57BL/6 mice with isoflurane and then inserted a PU-10 epidural catheter under direct surgical microscopy at T11-12. A thermal camera (thermal sensitivity ±0.05°C, pixel resolution 320x240 pixels, and spatial resolution 200 μm) recorded baseline temperature of front and rear paws, tail and ears. Thermography was assessed at baseline and 2, 5, 10, and 15 min after an epidural bolus dose of 50 μL bupivacaine 0.25% or 50 μL saline (control) using a cross-over design with dose order randomized and investigators blinded to study drug. Thermal images were recorded from video and analyzed using FLIR software. Effect over time and maximal effect (Emax) were assessed by repeated measures ANOVA and paired t-tests. Comparisons were between bupivacaine and control, and between lower vs upper extremities.ResultsEpidural bupivacaine caused progressive warming of lower compared with upper extremities (P <0.001), typically returning to baseline by 15 min after administration. Mean (±SD) Emax was +3.73 (±1.56) °C for lower extremities compared with 0.56 (±0.68) °C (P=0.03) for upper extremities. Following epidural saline, there was no effect over time (Emax for lower extremities −0.88 (±0.28) °C compared with the upper extremities −0.88 (±0.19) °C (P >0.99).ConclusionsThermography is a useful tool to confirm epidural catheter placement in animals for which subjective, non-noxious, sensory measures are impossible. |
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| Keywords: | Anesthesia Epidural Sympathectomy Chemical Thermography Cross-over studies Mice |
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