Phenotypes and endotypes of rhinitis and their impact on management: a PRACTALL report |
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| Authors: | N G Papadopoulos J A Bernstein P Demoly M Dykewicz W Fokkens P W Hellings A T Peters C Rondon A Togias L S Cox |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK;2. Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, University of Athens, Athens, Greece;3. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA;4. Allergy Department, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France;5. Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA;6. Otorhinolaryngology Department, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;7. Otorhinolaryngology Department, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;8. Division of Allergy‐Immunology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA;9. Servicio de Alergologia, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain;10. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National institute of Health, Bethesda, WA, USA;11. Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA |
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| Abstract: | Rhinitis is an umbrella term that encompasses many different subtypes, several of which still elude complete characterization. The concept of phenotyping, being the definition of disease subtypes on the basis of clinical presentation, has been well established in the last decade. Classification of rhinitis entities on the basis of phenotypes has facilitated their characterization and has helped practicing clinicians to efficiently approach rhinitis patients. Recently, the concept of endotypes, that is, the definition of disease subtypes on the basis of underlying pathophysiology, has emerged. Phenotypes/endotypes are dynamic, overlapping, and may evolve into one another, thus rendering clear‐cut definitions difficult. Nevertheless, a phenotype‐/endotype‐based classification approach could lead toward the application of stratified and personalized medicine in the rhinitis field. In this PRACTALL document, rhinitis phenotypes and endotypes are described, and rhinitis diagnosis and management approaches focusing on those phenotypes/endotypes are presented and discussed. We emphasize the concept of control‐based management, which transcends all rhinitis subtypes. |
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| Keywords: | classification endotypes phenotypes rhinitis treatment |
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