近视的危险因素及流行病学研究进展

近视是发病率最高的眼部疾病之一。高度近视可引起一系列严重影响患者视力及各种视觉功能的并发症，如视网膜脱离、视网膜下新生血管形成、白内障和青光眼等。近年来，大量的流行病学研究对近视在全球各个地区的分布进行了科学、细致的调查，这些研究中大多数为横断面研究，纵向队列研究相对缺乏。近半个世纪的流行病学调查显示，近视的患病率明显增加，不同种族和地区的患病率各不相同，其中经济水平较发达、工业化速度较快的东亚地区人们近视患病率增长最快。近视的发生与环境危险因素、社会经济发展和生活方式改变密切相关。许多学者对近视的分子生物学机制也进行了深入的研究，这些研究结果进一步支持了以下结论，即近视的发生是遗传易感性和环境暴露之间复杂相互作用的结果。本文对近视的危险因素及流行病学研究结果做一综述。

Recent advances in risk factors and epidemiology of myopia

Myopia is one of the most prevalent disorders of the eye. Higher myopia is associated with comorbidities that increase risks of severe and irreversible loss of vision . such as retinal detachment , subretinal neovascularization . dense cataract , and glaucoma. In recent years , reports from population-based prevalence studies carried out in various geographical areas have been given a clear picture of the current distribution of refractive error. The scarcity of data from well-designed longitudinal cohort studies is still yet to be addressed. These studies have confirmed the previous data indicating that prevalence of refractive error varies according to ethnicity and geographic regions , and also point to an increase rn myopia prevalence over the past half-century. The problem is particularly pronounced in affluent. industrialised areas of East Asia. Environmental risk factors for myopia related to socioeconomic status and lifestyle have been identified. The past decade has seen a greater understanding of the molecular biological mechanisms that deternune refractive error , giving further support to the belief that myopia is the result of a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. This article reviews the etiology and epidemiology from recent studies on myopia.