Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health,immunity, autoimmunity,cardiovascular disease,cancer, fertility,pregnancy, dementia and mortality—A review of recent evidence |
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| Authors: | Pawel Pludowski Michael F. Holick Stefan Pilz Carol L. Wagner Bruce W. Hollis William B. Grant Yehuda Shoenfeld Elisabeth Lerchbaum David J. Llewellyn Katharina Kienreich Maya Soni |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children''s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland;2. Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Austria;4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children''s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;6. Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, San Francisco, CA, USA;g Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel;h University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundOptimal vitamin D intake and its status are important not only for bone and calcium-phosphate metabolism, but also for overall health and well-being. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency as a global health problem are likely to be a risk for wide spectrum of acute and chronic illnesses.MethodsA review of randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and other evidence of vitamin D action on various health outcomes.ResultsAdequate vitamin D status seems to be protective against musculoskeletal disorders (muscle weakness, falls, fractures), infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, several types of cancer, neurocognitive dysfunction and mental illness, and other diseases, as well as infertility and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is associated with all-cause mortality.ConclusionsAdequate vitamin D supplementation and sensible sunlight exposure to reach optimal vitamin D status are among the front line factors of prophylaxis for the spectrum of disorders. Supplementation guidance and population strategies for the eradication of vitamin D deficiency must be included in the priorities of physicians, medical professionals and healthcare policy-makers. |
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| Keywords: | Vitamin D 25(OH)D level Falls Fractures Cardiovascular Cancer Immunity Autoimmunity Fertility Pregnancy Infancy Infections Mortality Dementia |
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