The Concerns About Pain (CAP) Scale: A Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Pain Catastrophizing |
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| Affiliation: | 2. American Chronic Pain Association, Rocklin, California;3. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;2. Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany;3. Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany;2. Department of Endocrinology, Yongzhou-affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Yongzhou, Hunan Province, China;2. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA;3. Department of Psychiatry, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA;4. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI;5. Director, Cannabinoid Research, Zynerba Pharmaceuticals, Devon, PA;2. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York;3. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;4. Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio;5. Department of Neurological Surgery, Carolina Neurosurgery and Spine Associates and Neuroscience Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina;6. Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;2. Department of Sociology and Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder;3. Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin Madison;4. Department of Sociology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York;2. Experimental Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Pain catastrophizing has been recognized as an important and consistent psychosocial predictor of nearly every key pain-related outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a new measure of pain catastrophizing using modern psychometric methodology. People with chronic pain (N = 795) responded to thirty items. Data were analyzed using item response theory, including assessment of differential item functioning and reliability. Sensitivity to change and validity were examined using data collected from patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery (n = 184) and participating in an ongoing longitudinal aging with a disability survey study (n = 1,388). The final 24-item bank had no items with significant local dependence, misfit, or differential item functioning. Results provided strong evidence of reliability and validity. Six- and 2-item short forms were developed for use when computer adaptive testing is not feasible or desirable. The item bank was named the University of Washington Concerns About Pain scale because the term “catastrophizing” was considered stigmatizing by people with chronic pain. Guidance for score interpretation was developed with extensive feedback from individuals with chronic pain. The Concerns About Pain item bank, short forms, and user manuals are free and publicly available to all users and can be accessed online at https://uwcorr.washington.edu/measures/.PerspectiveThis article presents the development of the University of Washington Concerns About Pain scale, the first item response theory-based item bank of pain catastrophizing. The measure is intended for clinicians interested in improving outcomes of patients with chronic pain and for researchers who study impact of and treatment interventions aimed at reducing pain catastrophizing. |
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