颈静脉孔的应用解剖学

目的：为与颈静脉孔相关的影像诊断和临床治疗提供解剖学资料。方法：从颅底内、外面，对80具成年颅骨的颈静脉孔进行观测；并对20具成人尸头进行解剖，观察该区域神经血管解剖关系。结果：①62.3%右侧颈静脉孔较左侧大，15.9%左侧较大，21.8%两侧大小一致；②14.38%的颈静脉孔有骨桥，85.62%无骨桥；③颈静脉孔内、外侧缘距正中矢状面两侧的平均距离颅外均较颅内大：颅外分别为26.11mm和33.41mm，颅内分别为22.29mm和27.52mm。④XI脑神经多沿颈静脉孔前上缘，X、XI脑神经沿内侧缘出颅，两者被纤维索（占87.5%）或骨桥（占12.5%)隔开。⑤IX脑神经多经颈静脉孔外口前上缘向前下越过颈内动脉表面；IX脑神经经颈内静脉深面（占57.5%）或其浅面（42.5%)行向后下。结论：右侧颈静脉孔通常较左侧大，左右不对称；影像学观测该区域血管、神经应选择恰当的层面。

Applied anatomy of jugular foramen

Objective: To provide anatomic data for imaging diagnosis and microsurgical treatment of jugular foramen (JF) lesions.Methods: The JF was observed and measured from internal and external aspects in 80 adult skulls.The anatomic relationships between the nerves and vessles in this region were observed in detail by dissecting 20 adult cephalic specimens.Results: ①In 62.3% of all these cases the right JF was larger than the left.In 15.9% the left was larger and in 21.8% they were equal in size. ②Bone bridges could be seen in 14.38% and could not in 85.62%. ③Measured from extracranial aspect, the average distance from midsagittal plane to the medial and lateral border of the JF (medial 26.11mm, lateral 33.41mm), was larger than those measured from intracramial aspect (medial 22.29mm, lateral 27.52mm).④Ⅸ cranial nerve made its exit through the anterior superior border of the JF in most cases, meanwhile Ⅹ and Ⅺ cranial nerve through the medial border, they were distinctly separated from each other by a band of fibrous tissue (account for 87.5%) or a bone bridge (12.5%). ⑤Just outside the JF,Ⅸ cranial nerve appeared at the anterior border and made a loop downward and forward superficial to the internal carotid artery.Ⅸ cranial nerve run downward and backward deep (account for 57.5%), or superficially (42.5%) to the internal jugular vein.Conclusions: The right JF is usually larger than the left, and not symmetry on both sides.The key to imaging diagnosis of nerves and vessels in the JF region is to select the sectional plane correctly.