Low-risk febrile neutropenia in a medical oncology unit

Background: Febrile neutropenia occurring in patients receiving chemotherapy for solid tumours or lymphoma is usually of short duration, and therefore may have a better outcome compared to patients with acute leukaemia or patients receiving myeloablative chemotherapy. Aims: To review retrospectively the outcomes for febrile neutropenia occurring in patients of the Medical Oncology Unit at our institution, and to identify factors associated with worse outcome, particularly prolonged admission or death. Methods: We reviewed 102 episodes of febrile neutropenia occurring in 85 patients treated between 1992 and 1994. Demographic factors, tumour-related factors and clinical aspects of the episodes were correlated with outcome. Results: The median age was 60 years (range, 18–87), with 56 (55%) episodes occurring in females. Twenty-eight (27%) episodes occurred in patients with lymphoma, with the remaining 74 (73%) occurring in patients with solid tumours. At presentation, the median absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 0.14×10⁹/L with a median duration of significant neutropenia (ANC<0.5×10 ⁹/L) of three days. The median duration of fever was two days. Twenty-nine (28%) episodes had positive cultures; of these 11 had bacteraemia. Forty-four (43%) episodes were classified as unexplained fevers. The remaining 29 episodes were associated with clinically documented infection but negative cultures. There was a high treatment success rate (81%) with first-line empirical antibiotics. Of 19 treatment failures, 13 were due to the necessity for antibiotic modification; the other six patients died from infection. Factors associated with a worse outcome (including prolonged admission and death) include: diagnosis of lymphoma; increasing number of chemotherapy courses; early onset of neutropenia; pneumonia; severe hypotension; and multiple co-morbidities. Conclusions: Febrile neutropenia in adult patients with solid tumours or lymphoma is associated with a relatively good outcome, possibly due to the short duration of neutropenia. A future prospective study to validate the risk factors indentified in this study would be useful for defining patients at low risk for the adverse outcomes examined, in whom less intensive management for this condition may be possible.