Toll-like receptors in inflammation of the central nervous system |
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| Authors: | Kong Yan Le Yingying |
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| Affiliation: | aDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China;bLaboratory of Nutrition and Inflammation Related Diseases, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China |
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| Abstract: | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to pattern-recognition receptor family that could recognize exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns. TLRs play pivotal roles in innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review we summarize the ligands and signal transduction pathways of TLRs and highlight recent progress of the involvement of TLRs in neuroinflammation related disorders, including cerebral ischemia/stroke, brain trauma and hemorrhage, pathogen infection and autoimmune diseases, and explore the potential of TLR signaling as therapeutic targets against these disorders. |
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| Keywords: | Abbreviations: CNS, central nervous systems COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2 DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis HMGB1, high mobility group box 1 IL, interleukin iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase IRF, interferon regulatory factor MMP, matrix metalloproteinases MS, multiple sclerosis MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88 PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular patterns TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein TLR, Toll-like receptor TIR, Toll&ndash interleukin 1 receptor TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule TRIF, TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferons WNV, west Nile virus |
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