Volatile anaesthetics and the atmosphere: atmospheric lifetimes and atmospheric effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane |
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Authors: | Langbein T; Sonntag H; Trapp D; Hoffmann A; Malms W; Roth E P; Mors V; Zellner R |
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Institution: | Department of Anaesthesia, Georg-August-Universitat, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany; Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universitat-GH-Essen, Germany |
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Abstract: | The atmospheric lifetimes of the halogenated anaesthetics halothane,
enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane with respect to reaction
with the hydroxyl radical (OH.) and UV photolysis have been determined from
observations of OH. reaction kinetics and UV absorption spectra. Rate
coefficients for the reaction with OH radicals for all halogenated
anaesthetics investigated ranged from 0.44 to 2.7 x 10(-14) cm3 molec-1
s-1. Halothane, enflurane and isoflurane showed distinct UV absorption in
the range 200-350 nm. In contrast, no absorption in this wavelength range
was detected for desflurane or sevoflurane. The total atmospheric
lifetimes, as derived from both OH. reactivity and photolysis, were
4.0-21.4 yr. It has been calculated that up to 20% of anaesthetics enter
the stratosphere. As a result of chlorine and bromine content, the ozone
depletion potential (ODP) relative to chlorofluorocarbon CFC-11 varies
between 0 and 1.56, leading to a contribution to the total ozone depletion
in the stratosphere of approximately 1% for halothane and 0.02% for
enflurane and isoflurane. Estimates of the greenhouse warming potential
(GWP) relative to CFC-12 yield values of 0.02-0.14, resulting in a relative
contribution to global warming of all volatile anaesthetics of
approximately 0.03%. The stratospheric impact of halothane, isoflurane and
enflurane and their influence on ozone depletion is of increasing
importance because of decreasing chlorofluorocarbons globally. However, the
influence of volatile anaesthetics on greenhouse warming is small.
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