Primate models of dystonia |
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Authors: | Dominique Guehl Emmanuel Cuny Imad Ghorayeb Thomas Michelet Bernard Bioulac Pierre Burbaud |
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Institution: | 1. Service de Neurophysiologie clinique, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Rue Amélie-Rabat Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France;2. Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Rue Amélie-Rabat Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France;3. Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, CNRS UMR 5227, Université Victor Segalen, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France |
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Abstract: | Several models of dystonia have emerged from clinical studies providing a comprehensive explanation for the pathophysiology of this movement disorder. However, several points remain unclear notably concerning the specific role of brainstem, basal ganglia nuclei and premotor cortex. We review data collected in sub-human primate to see whether they might provide new insights into the pathophysiology of dystonia. As in human patients, lesions of the putamen induce dystonia, as well as pharmacological manipulations of the dopaminergic system. In addition, primate studies revealed that lesions in brain stem areas involved in the control of muscular tone and GABAergic manipulations in various basal ganglia nuclei or thalamus also lead to dystonia. Moreover, there is a dramatic disruption in the processing of proprioceptive information with abnormal large receptive fields in the basal ganglia, thalamus, primary somesthetic cortex and premotor cortex of dystonic monkeys. These data highlight the idea that dystonia is associated with aberrant sensory representations interfering with motor control. Considering that the supplementary motor area (SMAp) is the target of basal ganglia projections within the motor loop, we propose a model of dystonia in which abnormal excitability, associated with alteration in sensory receptive fields within the SMAp, leads to an abnormal synchronization between primary motor cortex columns. Such a phenomenon might account for the co-contractions of antagonist muscles favored by action and the abnormal postures observed in dystonia. |
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Keywords: | 3-NP 3-nitroproprionic acid SMA supplementary motor area pre-SMA rostral supplementary motor area SMAp supplementary motor area proper S1 primary somesthetic cortex M1 primary motor cortex GPe external part of the globus pallidus GPi internal part of the globus pallidus SNr substantia nigra pars reticulata STN subthalamic nucleus GABA gamma-amino-butyric-acid NIC interstitial nucleus of Cajal MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1 2 3 4-tetrahydropyridine 2-DG 2-deoxyglucose MRI magnetic resonance imaging Bic bicuculline Vop ventral oral posterior nucleus VIM ventral intermediate nucleus Vc ventral caudal nucleus Vlo pars oralis of the ventrolateral nucleus VA ventral anterior nucleus VPLo pars oralis of the ventroposterolateral nucleus VLc pars caudalis of the ventrolateral nucleus EEG electro-encephalogram EMG electromyogram |
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