天麻多糖提取分离方法和药理作用研究进展

目的：对天麻多糖的提取分离方法及药理作用的相关研究进行汇总分析,以期为天麻多糖的开发研究提供参考。方法：以“天麻多糖”“提取分离”“药理作用”“Rhizoma Gastrodiae polysaccharide” 及“Gastrodia elata polysaccharide”等为关键词查阅相关文献,对天麻多糖的提取纯化工艺、结构特征、 结构修饰及主要药理作用等进行综述。结果与结论：天麻多糖是天麻中主要的一类活性成分,不仅含量高,且毒副作用较低,是目前药物开发和研究的热点之一。天麻多糖的提取方法有多种,常见的主要有热水浸提法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法和酶提法。基于这些方法得到的多为天麻粗多糖,需进一步分离纯化,而常用的分离纯化方法有Sevage法、大孔树脂吸附层析法和凝胶层析法。提取纯化方法的多样性会导致天麻多糖结构产生差异,进而导致其药理活性的多样性。天麻多糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗衰老、改善脑缺血、改善记忆力、降血压、降血脂和抑菌等多种药理活性。结构修饰天麻多糖具有抗氧化和抗肿瘤等药理作用。因此,天麻多糖可广泛应用于医药、食品及保健品等领域, 具有重要的研究和开发价值,但其高级结构与药理作用之间的内在联系及作用机制有待进一步深入研究。

Research Progress on Extraction, Separation and Pharmacological Activities of Rhizoma Gastrodiae Polysaccharide

Objective: To summarize and analyze the relevant researches on the extraction and separation methods and pharmacological activities of Rhizoma Gastrodiae polysaccharide (RGP) in order to provide references for the further development and research of RGP. Methods: Relevant literature was collected by searching and consulting "RGP", "extraction and separation", "pharmacological activities", "Rhizoma Gastrodiae polysaccharide" , "Gastrodia elata polysaccharide" ,etc. as key words, and the extraction and purification processes, structural characteristics and modifications and the main pharmacological effects of RGP were reviewed. Results and Conclusion: Polysaccharide, as one of the main and important active ingredients in Gastrodia elata with high content and low side effects has become one of the hotspots in drug development and researches at present. There are many extraction methods of polysaccharides from Gastrodia elata, of which the commonly-used extraction methods include hot-water extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and enzyme extraction. However, most of the extracted RGP using these methods are crude polysaccharides, which need further separation and purification. The commonly-used separation and purification methods of RGP include Sevage method, microporous resin adsorption chromatography and gel chromatography. The diversity of extraction and purification methods will lead to the structure differences of RGP, and then lead to the diversity of its pharmacological activities. Recent studies have proved that RGP has varieties of pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, immune regulation, anti-aging, improving cerebral ischemia, improving memory, lowering blood pressure and glucose, anti-bacterial acticities, etc. studies have found that the structuremodified RGP also has anti-oxidant and anti-tumor activities. Therefore, RGP can be widely used in medicines, food and health care products, and it has important research and development values.However, the internal relationship and mechanism of action between advanced structure and pharmacological actions need to be further studied.