Effect of CXCL12 and Its Receptors on Unpredictable Renal Cell Carcinoma |
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| Institution: | 1. Scientific Research Center for Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni?, Ni?, Serbia;2. Pathology and Pathological Anatomy Center, Clinical Center of Ni?, Ni?, Serbia;1. Florida Hospital Global Robotics Institute, Celebration, FL, USA;2. ORSI Academy, Melle, Belgium;3. Department of Urology, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Aalst, Belgium;4. Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;1. Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada;2. Department of Oncology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada;3. Department of Oncology, University Hospital Leuven, Kathoieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;4. Department of Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada;5. Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;6. Department of Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada;7. Department of Oncology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA;8. Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI;9. Department of Oncology, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain;10. Analysis Group, Inc, Boston, MA;11. Pfizer, Inc, New York, NY;12. Department of Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA;1. Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via A. Di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy;2. Unit of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, A.O. San Paolo, via A. Di Rudinì 8, I-20142, Milan, Italy;3. Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy;4. Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, via F. Sforza,35, 20122, Milan, Italy;1. College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA;3. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that participate in numerous cell functions during hematopoiesis, morphogenesis, inflammation, neovascularization, and autoimmune diseases and cancer. They achieve their functions on binding to their G protein-coupled receptors. CXCL12, or stromal cell-derived factor-1, is a homeostatic chemokine secreted by fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. It binds to CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4), also known as fusin (CD184), and alternate CXC receptor 7 (CXCR7), also known as atypical chemokine receptor 3. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis participates in homing of hematopoietic stem cells and the development and production of B and T lymphocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. It has been examined in > 20 different malignancies. CXCL12 plays an important role in tumor metastasis because it mediates the migration of tumor cells through the endothelial vessel wall and extracellular matrix. Its expression has been highest in common metastatic sites such as the brain, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and liver. CXCR4 is expressed by tumor cells in prostate, breast, lung, and other malignancies. Numerous studies have shown its correlation with a poor prognosis, recurrence-free survival, and poor overall survival. The present review has addressed the structure and function of CXCL12 and its receptors and the effect CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has on the pathogenesis and clinical development of renal cell carcinoma, one of the most aggressive cancers in urology, with limited therapeutic options. |
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| Keywords: | Chemokine signaling CXCR4 CXCR7 Immunochemistry Prognosis |
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