Investigating the effect of bilateral amygdala lesions on fear conditioning and social interaction in the male Mongolian gerbil

Immunohistochemical distribution patterns of neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) were studied in the brain of rats submitted to two different protocols of heroin treatment. In drug-naive rats, acutely injected heroin significantly depleted NPFF-immunoreactive material within the neurons of the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), significantly decreased the density of NPFF-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the median eminence, pituitary stalk, and neurohypophysis, and markedly increased NPY-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. In drug-sensitized rats, heroin significantly increased the number and immunostaining intensity of the NPFF-immunoreactive neurons within the NTS and induced minor changes in the NPFF-immunoreactive nerve fiber network of the median eminence, pituitary stalk, and neurohypophysis and a relatively minor increase in NPY neurons in the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. These heroin-induced changes suggest that NPFF is involved in regulating the effects of the heroin injection and in the mechanisms underlying behavioral sensitization. They also add further support to the key role of NPY in any conditions tending to change the animal homeostasis.