Influence of frying fat on the formation of heterocyclic amines in fried beefburgers and pan residues |
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Authors: | M. A. E. Johansson L. Fredholm I. Bjerne M. J gerstad |
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Affiliation: | * Department of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, PO Box 124, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden † Van den Bergh Foods, PO Box 721, S-251 07, Helsingborg, Sweden |
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Abstract: | The influence of six frying fats (butter, margarine, margarine fat phase, liquid margarine, rapeseed oil and sunflower seed oil) on the formation of mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) during the frying of beefburgers was investigated. Frying was performed at 165 and 200°C (i.e. under conditions that represented normal household cooking practices). The fried beefburgers and their corresponding pan residues were purified using solid-phase extraction and analysed for HAs using HPLC with photodiode array UV and fluorescence detection. The HAs 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (MelQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (DiMeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (norharman) and 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (harman) were recovered. The amount increased with the temperature, and the content of HAs in the pan residue was much higher than in the corresponding beefburger. The amounts of MeIQx ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 ng/g in the beefburgers and from 0.8 to 4.3 ng/g in the pan residues. DiMeIQx ranged from undetectable to 0.4 ng/g in the beefburgers and from 0.4 to 1.3 ng/g in the residues. PhIP ranged from 0.08 to 1.5 ng/g in the meat and from 0.4 to 13.3 ng/g in the residues. The total amount of HAs in meat and pan residue combined was significantly lower after frying in sunflower seed oil or margarine than after frying with the other fats. The observed differences in MeIQx and DiMeIQx formation could be explained in terms of oxidation status (peroxide and anisidine value) and antioxidant content (vitamin A, vitamin E and tocopherols/tocotrienols) using partial least squares analysis. |
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Keywords: | Abbreviations: AV, anisidine value DCM, dichloromethane 4,8-DiMeIQx, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline FFA, free fatty acids Glu-P-12-amino-6-methyl-dipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-d]imidazole Glu-P-2, 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a: 3′,2′-d]imidazole harman, 1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole HA(s), heterocyclic amine(s) IQ, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline MelQ, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline norharman, 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine PLS, partial least squares PRS, propylsulfonic acid-silica gel PV, peroxide value α-T, α-tocopherol α-T3, α-tocotrienol β-T, β-tocopherol λ-T, λ-tocopherol λ-T3, λ-tocotrienol δ-T, δ-tocopherol |
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