Life events and depression: A replication

A study which was first carried out in the United States was repeated in Northern Italy. Life events reported to have occurred 6 months before the onset of illness were compared in 40 outpatients who had a first episode of primary depression, and a matched normal control group. Depressives reported significantly more events than the control groups, and had significantly more of the following: undesirable events, exits from the social field, events which had an ‘objective negative impact’ (rated as being traumatic) and ‘independent events’ (events which were unlikely to be a consequence of the depression); the last 2 were judged by a rater who was unaware whether the event had occurred in a depressed patient or in a control subject. There were no significant differences in desirable events, entrances into the social field and events which were within the subjects' control. These findings replicate previous results and are consistent with the view that certain recent life events play a substantial role as precipitants in some depressed patients.