中国脊髓灰质炎疫苗使用历史回顾及免疫策略调整建议

在消灭脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）过程中，脊灰疫苗发挥了重要作用。口服脊灰减毒活疫苗（Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine，OPV）是一种安全有效的疫苗，中国于20世纪60年代推广使用OPV，常规免疫接种率逐步提高到〉90％。从1990年开始，部分省（自治区、直辖市）开展了OPV补充免疫活动（Supplementary Immunization Activity，SIA）；1993～2000年，开展消灭脊灰的国家免疫日活动，中国所在的世界卫生组织（World Health Organization，WHO）西太平洋区于2000年实现无脊灰的目标，继续在适龄儿童中加强OPV常规免疫和开展SIA。根据WHO制定的（（2013—2018年消灭脊灰终结战略计划》，2015年所有国家要引进至少1剂灭活脊灰病毒疫苗（Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine，IPV），2016年中期使用二价OPV（I＋Ⅲ型），2018年停用OPV。为确保OPV成功转换IPV，中国应建立部门间协作机制，加快国产IPV研发生产进程，组织开展OPV和IPV转换的相关研究。

Application of Poliomyelitis Vaccine and Recommendation on Switch of Immunization Strategies in China

In the eradication of poliomyelitis, poliomyelitis vaccines play the Vital role. Oral live attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine （OPV） is a safe and effective vaccine. In the early of 1960s, China introduced OPV into Expanded Program for Immunization （EPI）, and then the coverage rate of OPV routine immunization gradually increased to over 90%. Since 1990, supplementary immunization activities（SIA） have been implemented in some provinces. During 1993-2000, national immunization days activities for poliomyelitis eradication carried out in China. World Health Organization （WHO） Western Pacific Region, including China, achieved the goal of polio-free in 2000. Then China keeps on strengthening both OPV routine immunization and SIAs for the eligible children. In accordance of WHO relevant plans and requirements, at least one dose of inactivated poliovirns vaccine （ IPV ） should be introduced into routine immunization in all the countries in 2015. Meanwhile, in the middle of 2016, bivalent OPV of type i and 3 will be utilized, but OPV will be ceased in 2018. To ensure OPV is replaced by IPV successfully, China will establish the mechanism for the collaboration among multiple sectors, accelerate development and production of domestic single and combined IPV, and carry out the relevant researches in the switch of OPV to IPV as well.