我国省级职业健康政策文本量化研究——基于政策工具、责任主体和政策类型的三维框架

目的：分析我国各省级行政单位职业健康政策的特征与现状,为完善职业健康政策体系提供参考。方法：采用内容分析法,构建“政策工具—责任主体—政策类型”三维分析框架,对2012—2022年省级层面发布的职业健康政策进行多维分类与交叉比较。结果：在纳入的133份政策文本中,政策工具维度方面,供给型、需求型、环境型政策工具分别占37.84%、11.05%、51.11%,政策工具使用不均;责任主体维度方面,政府、用人单位、支撑机构和劳动者分别占62.88%、16.43%、17.94%和2.75%,除政府之外的多方责任主体内驱力不足;政策类型维度方面,计划行动类、条例规范类、解释引导类政策分别占65.79%、19.02%、15.19%,政策类型使用较为单一。三维交叉比较后发现,着力点后置、预防危害能力相对不足。结论：建议优化政策工具使用结构;提升多元主体积极性,改变政府单一治理模式;根据政策目的和时代要求实现科学精准施策;优化政策着力点,提升职业危害预防效果。

Quantitative research of provincial occupational health policytexts in China: A three-dimensional framework based on policy instruments, responsible subjects and policy types

Objective: This paper aims at analyzing the characteristics and current situation of occupational health policies of provincial administrative units in China to optimize the policy system. Methods: The content analysis method is used to construct a three-dimensional framework of "policy instruments-responsible subjects-policy types", and the occupational health policies issued from 2012 to 2022 at a provincial level are classified and cross-compared in multiple dimensions. Results: Among 133 policies, supply-based, demand-based and environmental policy instruments account for 37.84%, 11.05% and 51.11% respectively, which are significantly imbalanced in terms of policy instruments. In regard of responsible subjects, government, employers, supporting institutions and laborers account for 62.88%, 16.43%, 17.94% and 2.75% of the total respectively. The internal driving force of multi-party responsible entities is insufficient except the government. Plans and actions, regulations and norms, interpretation and guidance policy types account for 65.79%, 19.02% and 15.19% respectively regarding policy types, indicating a singleness in applying policies. After three-dimensional cross-comparison, it is found that policies focus more on disposal afterwards while relatively weak to prevent hazards. Conclusion: It is suggested to optimize the structure of policy instruments. Also, improve the enthusiasm of multiple subjects and change the single governance model of the government. Moreover, realize scientific and precise policy implementation according to policy objectives and the requirements of the times. Optimize policy focus and enhance the ability to prevent occupational hazards.