我国疫苗管理政策文本的量化研究——基于政策工具、政策主体、政策落点的文本分析

目的：剖析我国疫苗管理政策文本,探讨现行政策的侧重点及不足,以期为我国疫苗领域的良性发展提供建议。方法：检索2016年后发布的国家级疫苗管理文本,建立政策工具、政策主体、政策落点的三维框架,运用内容分析法开展研究。结果：本文共纳入17份政策文本,4类21种政策工具呈现“命令及规制性工具主导（74.90%）、能力建设性工具支持（16.73%）、激励性与信息及劝诫性工具欠缺（8.37%）”的差异化使用格局;药品监管部门（21.51%）、疫苗生产经营企业（17.13%）、卫生行政部门（9.96%）等主体作用更明显;政策落点则集中于疫苗使用（31.87%）、疫苗流通（20.32%）、疫苗生产（19.92%）。结论：建议加强激励性、信息及劝诫性工具的运用,提升政策工具内部的均衡性与互补性;深化各主体的参与程度,重点提升社会公众及行业协会的参与深度与共建能力;加强政策落点间的紧密衔接,紧抓追溯与监测环节的落实与完善,促进政策工具、政策主体、政策落点的多维耦合,进一步建设科学、高效、完善的疫苗管理体系。

Quantitative research of vaccine management policy in China: Text analysis based on policy instruments, policy subjects and policy points

Objective: On analyzing the texts of policy concerning vaccine management in China, this paper discusses emphases and deficiencies of current policies in order to provide suggestions for a benign development in the field of vaccine in China. Methods: On a study of vaccine management texts published after 2016 on a national level, a three-dimensional framework of policy instruments, policy subjects and policy points is established within which content analysis method is used to carry out relevant research. Results: 21 policy instruments which fall into 4 categories manifest differentiated usage patterns after studying 17 policy texts, featuring "dominating command and regulatory tools (74.90%), constructive tool support for capacity (16.73%), lack of incentive as well as informative and exhortative tools (8.37%)". Drug regulatory departments (21.51%), vaccine manufacturers and dealers (17.13%) and health administrative departments (9.96%) highlight their status of the subject, while focuses of policies lie on use of vaccine (31.87%), circulation of vaccine (20.32%) and production of vaccine (19.92%). Conclusion: It is suggested to exert more of incentive as well as informative and exhortative tools to improve internal balance and complementarily between policy tools. Meanwhile, engage all subjects further, especially participation and co-construction ability of the public and industry associations. It is also necessary we strengthen connection between policy points to guarantee the implementation and improvement of traceability and supervision, so that policy instruments, policy subjects and policy points are well coupled and management system of vaccine is built more scientific, more efficient and more advanced.