Ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen generation as inducers of keratinocyte apoptosis: protective role of tea polyphenols

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation produces serious damage to skin, especially to dermis, but its damage to epidermis and responsible mechanisms are not fully understood. Studies were thus undertaken to investigate the effects of UVA or reactive oxygen species (ROS) on lipid peroxidation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in primary cultured rat keratinocytes and to determine the possible protective effects of tea polyphenols (TPP). UVA or ROS increased the release of plasma enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increased lipid peroxidation production (malondialdehyde, MDA), but decreased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), indicating that UVA or ROS were cytostatic and peroxidizing to keratinocytes. TPP stabilized and protected cell membranes from ROS or UVA by inhibiting the release of LDH, lowering MDA levels, and increasing GSH-Px activity. Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis revealed that UVA or ROS decreased the proliferative index (PI); hence the cell growth was blocked in the S/G2 phase, with an increase in the percentage of apoptosis in primary keratinocytes. TPP modified the UVA or ROS-induced changes in PI and apoptosis. TPP may be useful to protect keratinocytes from UVA irradiation. In summary, these data demonstrated that UVA damage to skin keratinocytes in vitro was similar to that for ROS and that TPP protects against UVA-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and apoptosis.