The effect of fasting or calorie restriction on autophagy induction: A review of the literature |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;2. Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Doha, Qatar;3. Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia;4. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile;5. Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;6. Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;7. School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran;1. Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran;2. Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA;3. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;4. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;5. Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;1. Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil;2. Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy;3. National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Italy;4. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, 73100, Italy;1. Swiss Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland;2. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland;1. Reproductive Endocrinology and Women’s Health, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;2. Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;3. Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy;4. CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Napoli, Italy;1. Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA;2. School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK;1. Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK;2. Department of Science and Innovative Technology (DSIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, Alessandria, Italy;3. European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK;4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake''s Circus, Plymouth PL4 8DD, UK |
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| Abstract: | Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process and protective housekeeping mechanism to eliminate damaged organelles, long-lived misfolded proteins and invading pathogens. Autophagy functions to recycle building blocks and energy for cellular renovation and homeostasis, allowing cells to adapt to stress. Modulation of autophagy is a potential therapeutic target for a diverse range of diseases, including metabolic conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers and infectious diseases. Traditionally, food deprivation and calorie restriction (CR) have been considered to slow aging and increase longevity. Since autophagy inhibition attenuates the anti-aging effects of CR, it has been proposed that autophagy plays a substantive role in CR-mediated longevity. Among several stress stimuli inducers of autophagy, fasting and CR are the most potent non-genetic autophagy stimulators, and lack the undesirable side effects associated with alternative interventions. Despite the importance of autophagy, the evidence connecting fasting or CR with autophagy promotion has not previously been reviewed. Therefore, our objective was to weigh the evidence relating the effect of CR or fasting on autophagy promotion. We conclude that both fasting and CR have a role in the upregulation of autophagy, the evidence overwhelmingly suggesting that autophagy is induced in a wide variety of tissues and organs in response to food deprivation. |
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| Keywords: | Calorie restriction Fasting Autophagy |
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