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The neglect of Purkinje's technique of ophthalmoscopy prior to Helmholtz's invention of the ophthalmoscope
Authors:P D Reese
Affiliation:6. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Ophthalmology Department, Málaga, Spain;7. Instituto de Cirugía Ocular, San José, Costa Rica;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;1. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts;1. Ophthalmology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria;2. Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States;3. Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States;4. Renovo Neural Inc., Cleveland, OH, United States;5. Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States;1. Rothschild Foundation, 75019, Paris, France;2. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;3. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;4. Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;5. Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;6. Jacobs Retina Center, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;7. Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France;8. CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France;9. LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA;10. Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA;11. Department of Ophthalmology, New York University of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;12. Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA;13. Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA;14. Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA;15. Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
Abstract:A technique for examining the fundus of the eye was devised by Jan Evangelista Purkinje a generation before Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope. Yet, Purkinje's technique of ophthalmoscopy went virtually unnoticed by his contemporaries. This neglect of Purkinje's discovery has never been fully explained and warrants re-examination.
Keywords:Helmholtz  ophthalmoscope  Purkinje
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