巴甫洛夫学说与中华人民共和国建国初期针灸科学化:以马继兴为例

近现代"针灸科学化"的学术考察中,对于建国初期这个特殊的历史时段相对较为缺失。然而这一时段上承民国时期,下连上世纪五十年代中末期的中医院校成立、初版教材编撰,且这一时期在全面学习苏联科技运动中,巴甫洛夫学说影响较大,另外中医进修活动全面开展。在这种特定的历史和学术背景之下,"针灸科学化"有其自身特色。马继兴先生的相关论著是这一时期"针灸科学化"的典型代表,较早地、全面而系统地引入巴甫洛夫学说对针灸治疗的生理学机制进行科学解释,对针灸学科的一些重要学术问题,如经穴与经脉关系、刺激点、针刺补泻等进行了科学、理性的分析,加之其所编《简要针灸学》系全国中医进修的示范讲义教材,因而马继兴先生在"针灸科学化"中所进行的若干工作,即便是属于开拓性的学术尝试,也在学术和实践中产生了一定的影响,值得深入研究,以进一步丰富对于这个历史时段中"针灸科学化"的认识,为当下针灸学术发展提供借鉴。

Professor MA Ji-xing and Acupuncture Scientification at the Primary Stage of Establishment of the People's Republic of China

In the initial stage(1950s)of the establishment of the People's Republic of China,the Pavlov's theory played an important influence on Chinese biology and medical science fields.At that time,many schools or colleges of traditional Chinese medicine were set up one after another,the first edition of teaching materials or textbook was complete,and a lot of advanced training courses and training classes were developed.In that specific period of"acupuncture scientification",Mr.MA Ji-xing,a professor from China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine,is a representative scholar who employed Pavlov's theory to make a scientific explanation about the underlying physiological mechanisms of acupuncture-moxibustion therapy.For example,he employed nerve network or nerve system to explain topical acupuncture stimulation and distal stimulation to induce local effect or distal curative effect,employed the cutaneous-visceral reflex to explain the therapeutic effect of acu-moxibustion for visceral disorders,used the viscera-cutaneous reflex to explain the tender point(sensitized region)or Ashi-point,used the"predominant factor mechanism"or excitation transfer of the stimulated non-sensitized cutaneous region close to the diseased locus to explain the painrelief of acupuncture stimulation,used the stimulation strength,duration,frequency and distance(to the locus)to explain the needling reinforcing or reducing effect,and so on and so forth.He wrote many articles and books about acupuncturology,one of which was named Jianyao Zhenjiu Xue(Concise Acupuncturology),a well-known demonstration teaching material for advanced training courses,inducing a significant influence on the acu-moxibustion field in both academic field and clinical practice.Looking back this period of history may provide a helpful reference for current research on academic development of acupuncturology.