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Evaluation of the usage of the cervical 7th vertebra in sex estimation with measurements on computerized tomography images
Institution:1. Department of Forensic Medicine, Hitit University Erol Olcok Training and Research Hospital, Corum, Turkey;2. Department of Forensic Medicine, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey;3. Department of Radiology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey;1. LABANOF (Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense), Istituto di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;2. Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy;1. School of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan;2. Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan;1. Forensic Medical Sciences, Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence 50134, Italy;2. Legal Medicine, Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy;3. Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome 00147, Italy;4. Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of Rome, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy;1. Division of Medical Education, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;2. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;3. Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;4. Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;5. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;6. Research Institute of Medical Research Support Center Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;7. Division of Oncologic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;8. Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan;1. Forensic Pathology Unit, Forensic Medicine Authority, Ministry of Justice, Egypt;2. Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;3. Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia;1. University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Albertstraße 9, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;2. DEKRA Automobil GmbH, Gündlinger Str. 22, 79111 Freiburg, Germany;3. Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35100 Padova, Italy
Abstract:Sex estimation is the primary step in biological profiling via identification using skeletal elements. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of the seventh cervical vertebra for sex estimation. The cervical computed tomography scans of 200 female and 200 male patients aged ≥ 20 years were analyzed. Eight different measurements of the seventh cervical vertebra were performed, including the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the foramen vertebra, transverse and anteroposterior diameters of the corpus vertebra inferior surface, height of the corpus vertebra, corpus vertebrae-spinous process angle, and height and length of the spinous process. Independent two-sample t-test was performed; significant differences were observed between the sexes in all measurements except corpus vertebrae-spinous process angle. Further, univariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the length of spinous process showed the highest dimorphism. Among the univariate models created, the model obtained using only the length of the spinous process reached an accuracy rate of 80 %. Multivariate logistic regression analysis (via Forward LR Wald) was used for sex estimation with an accuracy of up to 90.8 % (89 % for men and 92.5 % for women). In conclusion, the seventh cervical vertebra is dimorphic in the Turkish population and allows sex estimation with high accuracy rates.
Keywords:Forensic Anthropology  Sex Estimation  7th Cervical Vertebra  Computed Tomography  CT"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0030"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Computed tomography  ICC"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0040"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Intraclass correlation coefficient  LR"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0050"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Binary logistic regression  FVt"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0060"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Transverse diameter of the foramen vertebra  FVap"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0070"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Anteroposterior diameter of the foramen vertebra  CVIt"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0080"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Transverse diameter of the corpus vertebra inferior surface  CVIap"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0090"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Anteroposterior diameter of the corpus vertebra inferior surface  CVh"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0100"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Height of the corpus vertebra  CV-SP"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0110"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Corpus vertebrae-spinous process angle  SPh"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0120"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Height of the spinous process  LSP"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0130"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Length of spinous process
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