Pathogenesis of Keratoconus: The intriguing therapeutic potential of Prolactin-inducible protein |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark;3. Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, 608 Stanton L. Young Blvd, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States;1. Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;2. Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;3. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;4. Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;1. Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;2. John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA;3. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA;2. The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA;3. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University 30912, Augusta, GA, USA;1. Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University G. D''Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy;4. Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA;5. Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA;6. Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA;7. LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA;8. Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;1. Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma – Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, USA;2. Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and the Department of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniiford Street, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark;4. Division of Signal Transduction/Mass Spectrometry Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Keratoconus (KC) is the most common ectatic corneal disease, with clinical findings that include discomfort, visual disturbance and possible blindness if left untreated. KC affects approximately 1:400 to 1:2000 people worldwide, including both males and females. The aetiology and onset of KC remains a puzzle and as a result, the ability to treat or reverse the disease is hampered. Sex hormones are known to play a role in the maintenance of the structure and integrity of the human cornea. Hormone levels have been reported to alter corneal thickness, curvature, and sensitivity during different times of menstrual cycle. Surprisingly, the role of sex hormones in corneal diseases and KC has been largely neglected. Prolactin-induced protein, known to be regulated by sex hormones, is a new KC biomarker that has been recently proposed. Studies herein discuss the role of sex hormones as a control mechanism for KC onset and progression and evidence supporting the view that prolactin-induced protein is an important hormonally regulated biomarker in KC is discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Human cornea Keratoconus Sex hormones Prolactin-induced protein Bodily fluids KC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Keratoconus PIP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Prolactin-induced protein ECM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Extracellular matrix SMA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0070" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Smooth muscle actin VRQOL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Vision-related quality of life PK" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Penetrating keratoplasty DALK" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty CXL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Collagen cross-linking RGP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Rigid gas-permeable TIMPS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0130" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ROS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0140" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Reactive oxygen species SOD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0150" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Superoxide dismutase ICRS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0160" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Intra-corneal ring segments TGFB1" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0170" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Transforming growth factor-B1 SLE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0180" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Systemic lupus erythematosus LH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0190" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Luteinizing hormone FSH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0200" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Follicle-stimulating hormone AR" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0210" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Androgen receptor ER" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0220" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Estrogen receptor HKC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0230" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Human keratoconus cells HCF" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0240" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Human corneal fibroblasts CLEK" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" kwrd0250" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of keratoconus |
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