Sigma 1 receptor: A novel therapeutic target in retinal disease |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA;2. The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA;3. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University 30912, Augusta, GA, USA;1. Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;2. John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA;3. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA;1. Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA;2. Doheny Image Reading Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA;3. Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, University G. D''Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy;4. Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA;5. Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA;6. Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY, USA;7. LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA;8. Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA;1. James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States;2. Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States;3. Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States;1. Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;2. Neuroscience Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;3. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;4. Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA;1. Department of Organ Transplantation, Institute of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;2. Department of Operative Techniques and Surgical Research, Institute of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;3. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;4. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary |
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| Abstract: | Retinal degenerative diseases are major causes of untreatable blindness worldwide and efficacious treatments for these diseases are sorely needed. A novel target for treatment of retinal disease is the transmembrane protein Sigma 1 Receptor (Sig1R). This enigmatic protein is an evolutionary isolate with no known homology to any other protein. Sig1R was originally thought to be an opioid receptor. That notion has been dispelled and more recent pharmacological and molecular studies suggest that it is a pluripotent modulator with a number of biological functions, many of which are relevant to retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the discovery of Sig1R and early pharmacologic studies that led to the cloning of the Sig1R gene and eventual elucidation of its crystal structure. Studies of Sig1R in the eye were not reported until the late 1990s, but since that time there has been increasing interest in the potential role of Sig1R as a target for retinal disease. Studies have focused on elucidating the mechanism(s) of Sig1R function in retina including calcium regulation, modulation of oxidative stress, ion channel regulation and molecular chaperone activity. Mechanistic studies have been performed in isolated retinal cells, such as Müller glial cells, microglial cells, optic nerve head astrocytes and retinal ganglion cells as well as in the intact retina. Several compelling studies have provided evidence of powerful in vivo neuroprotective effects against ganglion cell loss as well as photoreceptor cell loss. Also described are studies that have examined retinal structure/function in various models of retinal disease in which Sig1R is absent and reveal that these phenotypes are accelerated compared to retinas of animals that express Sig1R. The collective evidence from analysis of studies over the past 20 years is that Sig1R plays a key role in modulating retinal cellular stress and that it holds great promise as a target in retinal neurodegenerative disease. |
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