海洋源细菌素研究现状及展望

细菌素是细菌通过核糖体合成的抗菌肽，通常能抑制分类地位相近的其他细菌的生长。自20世纪20年代以来报道的陆地源细菌素已多达数千例。乳酸链球菌素是研究得最为透彻的陆地源细菌素，且被公认为安全有效的天然食品生物保鲜剂，在欧美的食品工业中具有广泛应用。与陆地源数以千计的细菌素相比，海洋环境中已发现的细菌素尚不足百种。但有些已发现的海洋源细菌素却表现出陆地源细菌素所不具备的独特活性以及较大的应用潜力，如一些海洋源细菌素具有的对革兰氏阴性耐药性菌的拮抗活性，显示出其成为一线抗革兰氏阴性药物多黏菌素替代品的潜在可能。海洋细菌素的研究正受到越来越多的关注。本文从产生菌、样品来源、结构特性等方面对2009年以来报道的海洋细菌素进行了回顾，对海洋细菌素的研究现状及新细菌素的发现手段进行了分析及讨论。展望未来海洋源细菌素的研究，相信随着深海采样技术、海洋细菌培养技术及细菌素研究技术的进步，越来越多的海洋细菌素产生菌将会进入研究视野，更多结构新颖、活性良好的海洋细菌素也将会被发现。

Research Status and Prospects of Marine-Derived Bacteriocins

Bacteriocins are bacterial ribosomal-synthesized antibacterial peptides that usually inhibit the growth of closely-related species. Thousands of terrestrial bacteriocins have been reported since 1920s. Among them, nisin is the one studied the most and it has been widely used as a famous bio-preservative in western countries, thanks to its generally-recognized-as-safe nature. Compared to the bacteriocins from terrestrial sources amounting to thousands, bacteriocins derived from marine environments is fewer than a hundred in number. However, some of the marine-derived bacteriocins have displayed unique features and promising application potential that terrestrial bacteriocins lack, e.g., the antagonistic activity against Gram-negative drug-resistant bacteria, which reveals the potency as the substitution for polymyxins, the first-line drugs used for control the Gram-negative pathogens. Hence the interests on marine bacteriocins research are on rise. This review covered the marine-derived bacteriocins, their discovery, producers, and structural characteristics, particularly some unique structures of marine-derived bacteriocins reported since 2009. The latest new techniques used for marine bacteriocin discovery were also summarized. As a prospect, it is believed that with the advancing with technologies in the aspects of deep-sea microbial sampling, marine bacterial cultivating and bacteriocin discovering, more marine bacteriocins with potency will be continuously discovered.