Occupational exposure to airborne lead in Brazilian police officers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, Laboratorio de Evidencia Traza, Calle 7 A No. 12-61, Bogotá, Colombia;2. Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares – IPEN-CNEN/SP, Grupo de Caracterização Química e Isotópica, Cidade Universitária Armando Salles de Oliveira – USP, Travessa R, Número 400-Caixa Postal 11049, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;3. Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Núcleo de Contaminantes Inorgânicos, Centro de Contaminantes, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;4. Escola de Educação Física da Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo, Avenida Cruzeiro do Sul, 548, Canindé, São Paulo, SP, Brazil;1. Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Belgium;2. Centre of Research for Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan;3. Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan;4. Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium;5. Centre for the Improvement of Working Conditions & Environment, Lahore, Pakistan;6. Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium;1. Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Israel;2. Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany;3. Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel;4. Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Israel;5. Bar Ilan University, Israel;6. Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Israel;1. Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions on Living, EA 4492, University of Littoral-Côte d’Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France;2. Common Center of Measurements, ULCO, Dunkerque, France;3. Faculty of Medicine of Lille, EA 4483, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France;4. University of Lille North of France, Lille, France;5. Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Lebanon;6. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Lebanon;1. Department of Pediatrics, HC Andersen Children''s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Denmark;2. International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark;3. Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, NJ, United States;4. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden;5. SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden;6. Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark;7. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;1. Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy;2. Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS University Hospital San Martino – IST National Research Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy |
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| Abstract: | Shooting with lead-containing ammunition in indoor firing ranges is a known source of lead exposure in adults. Police officers may be at risk of lead intoxication when regular training shooting exercises are yearly mandatory to law enforcement officers. Effects on health must be documented, even when low-level elemental (inorganic) lead exposure is detected. Forty police officers (nineteen cadets and twenty-one instructors) responded to a questionnaire about health, shooting habits, and potential lead exposure before a training curse. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for blood lead level (BLL) before and after a three days training curse. The mean BLL for the instructors’ group was 5.5 μg/dL ± 0.6. The mean BLL for the cadets’ group before the training was 3.3 μg/dL ± 0.15 and after the training the main BLL was 18.2 μg/dL ± 1.5. Samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). All the participants in the training curse had significantly increased BLL (mean increment about 15 μg/dL) after the three days indoor shooting season.In conclusion, occupational lead exposure in indoor firing ranges is a source of lead exposure in Brazilian police officers, and appears to be a health risk, especially when heavy weapons with lead-containing ammunition are used in indoor environments during the firing training seasons. |
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| Keywords: | Blood lead level Firearms Gunshot residues Indoor occupational exposure Police training |
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