Associations between particulate matter elements and early-life pneumonia in seven birth cohorts: Results from the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;2. School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, V6T 1Z3 Vancouver, Canada;3. Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Population Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom;4. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;5. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, STR 6.131, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;6. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service ASL RME, Via di Santa Costanza 53, 00198 Rome, Italy;7. Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Doctor Aiguader, 88 E-08003 Barcelona, Spain;8. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, Madrid, Spain;9. Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany;10. Environmental Science Center, University of Augsburg, Maximilianstraße 3, 86150 Augsburg, Germany;11. Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;12. Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;13. IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;14. TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Delft, The Netherlands;15. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Hanzeplein 1, NL-9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;p. Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, M1 7DN Manchester, United Kingdom;q. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;r. Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Evidence for a role of long-term particulate matter exposure on acute respiratory infections is growing. However, which components of particulate matter may be causative remains largely unknown. We assessed associations between eight particulate matter elements and early-life pneumonia in seven birth cohort studies (Ntotal = 15,980): BAMSE (Sweden), GASPII (Italy), GINIplus and LISAplus (Germany), INMA (Spain), MAAS (United Kingdom) and PIAMA (The Netherlands). Annual average exposure to copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium and zinc, each respectively derived from particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 μm (PM10) and 2.5 μm (PM2.5), were estimated using standardized land use regression models and assigned to birth addresses. Cohort-specific associations between these exposures and parental reports of physician-diagnosed pneumonia between birth and two years were assessed using logistic regression models adjusted for host and environmental covariates and total PM10 or PM2.5 mass. Combined estimates were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. There was substantial within and between-cohort variability in element concentrations. In the adjusted meta-analysis, pneumonia was weakly associated with zinc derived from PM10 (OR: 1.47 (95% CI: 0.99, 2.18) per 20 ng/m3 increase). No other associations with the other elements were consistently observed. The independent effect of particulate matter mass remained after adjustment for element concentrations. In conclusion, associations between particulate matter mass exposure and pneumonia were not explained by the elements we investigated. Zinc from PM10 was the only element which appeared independently associated with a higher risk of early-life pneumonia. As zinc is primarily attributable to non-tailpipe traffic emissions, these results may suggest a potential adverse effect of non-tailpipe emissions on health. |
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| Keywords: | Birth cohort Childhood pneumonia Elemental composition Meta-analysis Particulate matter Zinc |
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