| Institution: | 1. Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health, Box 43, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 445 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;1. Toxicology Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;2. Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;3. Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg |
| Abstract: | Parabens are widely used as antibacterial agents, which are concerned recently in the relationship between the use of parabens and reproductive toxicity. So that reassessment of the risk of parabens is needed. In this study, one of parabens, n-butylparaben (n-BP) was orally administered to pregnant Wistar rats (0, 64, 160, 400 and 1000 mg/kg/day) from gestation day (GD) 7 through postnatal day (PND) 21. Reduced anogenital distance (AGD) and delayed preputial separation (PPS) were observed in the male offspring. The weights of the testes were significantly reduced at PND 21–90. The weights of the epididymides were significantly reduced at all monitoring points, except PND 35. Seminal vesicle weights were significantly reduced on PND 21. Serum testosterone (T) was significantly decreased, especially on PND 49. The levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) showed an increase at each of the tested points except on PND 180. Serum luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in the n-BP treated groups were lower on PND 21, 35 and 49 but elevated on PND 90 compared to control levels. n-BP reduced epididymal cauda sperm counts and daily sperm production in a dose-dependent manner; this difference was statistically significant at exposure groups of 400 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The present study strongly suggests that exposure to n-BP in utero and during lactation has adverse effects on the reproductive system in male offspring, with a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 160 mg/kg/day. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports increased E2 levels of male rats following n-BP exposure; we suggest that E2 levels may be considered as biomarkers for some endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). |
