双模抗肿瘤光敏剂二氢卟吩e6-偕氟尿嘧啶的合成和生物活性

目的 文献报道氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）与光敏剂联用具有协同抗肿瘤作用，笔者设计合成二氢卟吩e₆（化合物3）与5-Fu经酰腙键偶联的pH响应性、光化疗双模抗肿瘤光敏剂（化合物1），研究其初步体外光动力抗癌活性及作用机制。方法 首先，5-Fu与五硫化二磷于吡啶中回流反应形成4-硫代-5-氟尿嘧啶，再和水合肼于甲醇中反应制得5-氟尿嘧啶-4-腙（化合物2）；然后，将脱镁叶绿素a（化合物4）酸碱降解产物3经EDC·HCl催化缩合形成二氢卟吩e₆-13¹,15²-酸酐中间体后，直接与2发生选择性酰化反应，制得目标化合物1，并考察其体外pH响应性5-Fu释放及对黑素瘤B16-F10和肝癌HepG2细胞的光动力抗癌活性和作用机制。结果 化合物1在微酸（pH 5.0）环境中能有效释放5-Fu，24 h累积释放率可达60.3%；其在光照下对黑素瘤B16-F10和肝癌HepG2细胞的半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）分别为0.73 μmol/L和0.90 μmol/L，均显著优于先导物3和上市药物他拉泊芬（talaporfin），且能显著提升肿瘤细胞内活性氧（ROS）水平和诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，并阻滞肿瘤细胞周期于S期。其结构经紫外、电喷雾质谱、氢谱和元素分析确证。结论 新型双模抗肿瘤光敏剂化合物1具有光动力抗癌活性强、治疗指数（暗毒/光毒比）高，且可在微酸（pH 5.0）环境响应性释放5-Fu等优点，从而实现“单分子”光化疗双重抗肿瘤作用，值得进一步开发研究。

Synthesis and biological activities of chlorin e6-based conjugate of fluorouracil as dual-mode antitumor photosensitizer

Objective To design and synthesize the conjugate (compound 1) of chlorin e₆ (compound 3) with fluorouracil (5-Fu) as novel pH-responsive dual-mode antitumor photosensitizer by acyl hydrazone bond coupling, based on literature reports that combination of 5-Fu and photosensitizer possess synergistic anti-tumor effect, and investigate its photodynamic antitumor activity and mechanism. Methods Lead compound 3 was obtained by alkali degradation with 25% KOH-CH₃OH on pheophorbide a (compound 4) which was prepared through acid hydrolysis of chlorophyll a in crude chlorophyll extracts from silkworm excrement. Reflux reaction of 5-Fu with P₂S₅ in pyridine formed crude 4-thio-5-fluorouracil which was followed to react with hydrazine hydrate (N₂H₄·H₂O) in CH₃OH to give 5-fluorouracil-4-hydrazone (compound 2). Then, treatment of compound 3 i.e. acid alkali degradation product of chlorophyll a in silkworm excrement with EDC·HCl generated its 17¹- and 15² cyclic anhydride which was followed to directly react with intermediate compound 2 to successfully get title compound 1. In addition, its pH-responsive 5-Fu release and photodynamic antitumor activity and their mechanisms in vitro were investigated. Results Compound 1 could responsively release 5-Fu at pH 5.0, with a cumulative release rate of 60.3% within 24 h. It exhibited much higher phototoxicity against melanoma B16-F10 and liver cancer HepG2 cells than talaporfin and its precursor compound 3, with IC₅₀ value being 0.73 μmol/L for B16-F10 cells and 0.90 μmol/L for HepG2 cells, respectively. Upon light irradiation, it also could significantly induce cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS level and block cell cycle in S phase. Its structure was confirmed by UV, ¹H-NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis data. Conclusion The conjugate compound 1 of compound 3 and 5-Fu has the advantages of strong PDT anticancer activity, high therapeutic index (i.e. dark toxicity/phototoxicity ratio) and responsively release 5-Fu at pH 5.0 etc. which shows “unimolecular” dual antitumor effects of PDT and chemotherapy and is worthy of further research and development.