Predictors of Working Memory Maintenance and Decline in Older Adults |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;2. Department o Probability and Statistics, Applied Mathematics and Systems Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;1. Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA;2. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;1. Laboratory of NeuroCognition, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico;2. Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Querétaro, Mexico;3. Cognition and Behavior Unity, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico;4. Department of Neuroimaging, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico;5. Laboratory of Dementias, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Mexico City, Mexico;1. Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;2. Department of Psychology University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;3. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;4. School of Music, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;1. Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan;2. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan;3. Department of Neurosurgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan;1. Faculty of Medicine Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;2. Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;3. Postgraduate Studies Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil;4. College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia;5. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;6. Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Universidade Federal São João del Rey, Divinópolis, Brazil;7. Public Health School Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | The aging process is associated with the gradual decline of several cognitive functions, and working memory is particularly affected. Although the majority of older adults experience a deterioration of their working memory, some individuals maintain their working memory in older age, and some suffer an extreme deterioration of their working memory. The purpose of the present study was to identify, among a total of 120 potential predictors, those that significantly contributed to these two extreme outcomes in working memory. A sample of 588 healthy adults was examined with the n-back task in the spatial and verbal domains using a 2-back level of difficulty. Individuals were classified as working memory maintainers or decliners if their discrimination level in the two domains was superior to the 80th percentile or inferior to the 20th percentile, respectively. Logistic regression identified eight and six significant predictors of working memory maintenance and decline, respectively. High vocabulary scores and smoking more were significant predictors of working memory maintenance; however, in the opposite direction, these same variables predicted working memory decline. Several consumption habits that influenced cerebrovascular function were found in both models. Psychological traits and everyday activities were present in both models. We identified specific predictors that contribute to extremely high or low working memory performance in older age. |
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| Keywords: | working memory predictors aging logistic regression |
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