山丘型流行区阻断血吸虫病综合防治模式探索及效果

目的　探索山丘型血吸虫病流行区综合防治模式，为制定消除血吸虫病策略提供借鉴。方法　2011–2015年选择四川省5个山丘型血吸虫病流行区作为综合防治示范区，根据各示范区的流行特点、经济水平和整体发展规划，分别制定创建目标、策略和措施，并对实施后血吸虫病防治效果进行评价。结果　2011–2015年四川省5个山丘型血吸虫病流行区综合防治示范区建立了血吸虫病综合防治模式的保障体系及“一体化城乡统筹”、“系统化生态治理”、“集约化生态农业”、“科学化血防管理与健教”及“生态化民族循环型经济”等5个生态化、产业化、可持续发展的血吸虫病综合防治模式。自实施以来，钉螺孳生环境彻底改变；截至2015年，累计治理历史有螺环境达92.0%，安全饮用水覆盖率均达到100.0%，家畜圈养率均达到95.0%以上；2011–2015年卫生厕所覆盖率分别提升93.0%、96.8%、78.8%、87.1%和82.0%；示范区农民平均收入增长32.7%。示范区居民血吸虫病血检阳性率从2011年的3.1%下降到2015年的1.6%，粪检均未发现阳性；存栏耕牛数逐年下降，粪检均未发现阳性。2011–2013年示范区查出有螺面积分别为398.7、108.2 hm2和52.9 hm2，未发现血吸虫感染性钉螺；2014年后未再查见钉螺。2011–2015年示范区居民血防知识知晓率及正确行为形成率逐年提升。结论　四川省5个血吸虫病综合防治模式符合当前山丘型流行区防治工作需求，实现了控制血吸虫病传染源、发展经济、社会进步和改善生态环境的目的，为最终实现消除血吸虫病目标提供了新思路。

Application and effect of integrated control model of schistosomiasis interruption in mountainous and hilly endemic regions

Objective　To explore the integrated schistosomiasis control model in mountainous and hilly endemic regions, so as to provide insights into the development of the schistosomiasis elimination strategy. Methods　Five hilly and mountainous areas endemic for schistosomiasis were selected as the integrated control demonstration areas in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2015. According to the epidemic characteristics, economic levels and overall development planning of the demonstration areas, the goals, strategies and measures were developed, and the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control was evaluated following implementation of the integrated control. Results　The support system of the integrated schistosomiasis control model was built in the integrated control demonstration areas in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2015, and five ecological, industrialized and sustainable development models of integrated schistosomiasis control were developed, including integration of balancing rural and urban development, systematic ecological improvement, intensified ecological agriculture, scientific management and health education of schistosomiasis control and ecological ethnic circular economy. Since the implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis control model, the snail habitats were completely changed. Until 2015, 92.0% of all historical areas with snails were managed, the coverage of safe drinking water was 100.0%, and more than 95.0% of the livestock were fenced. The coverage of sanitary toilets increased by 93.0%, 96.8%, 78.8%, 87.1% and 82.0% from 2011 to 2015, respectively, and the farmers’ mean yearly income increased by 32.7% in the demonstration areas. From 2011 to 2015, the seroprevalence of human Schistosoma japonicum infections reduced from 3.1% in 2011 to 1.6% in 2015 in the demonstration areas, and no egg?positives were identified. In addition, the number of fenced bovines reduced year by year, and no egg?positives were detected. The areas of snail habitats were 398.7, 108.2 hm2 and 52.9 hm2 in the demonstration areas from 2011 to 2013, with no infected snails found, and no snails were detected since 2014. The awareness of schistosomiasis control knowledge and percentage of correct behavior formation increased year by year among residents in the demonstration areas from 2011 to 2015. Conclusions　The five integrated schistosomiasis control models meet the needs of the current schistosomiasis control activities in mountainous and hilly endemic areas of Sichuan Province, and achieve the goals of controlling the sources of S. japonicum infections, economic development, social progress and improving the ecological environment, which provides new insights into schistosomiasis elimination in the country.